Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī
نصیرالدین طوسی
Iranian stamp for the 700th anniversary of his death
TitleKhawaja Nasir
Personal
Born18 February 1201
Tus, Khurasan, Khwarazmid Empire
Died26 June 1274(1274-06-26) (aged 73)
Al-Kadhimiya Mosque, Kadhimiya, Baghdad, Ilkhanate
ReligionIslam
EraIslamic Golden Age
RegionPersia (Iran)
DenominationShia
JurisprudenceJa'fari
CreedIsmai'ili (Initially)
Twelver[2]
Main interest(s)Kalam, Islamic Philosophy, Astronomy, Mathematics, Biology and Medicine, Physics, Science
Notable idea(s)Spherical trigonometry, Tusi couple
Notable work(s)Tajrid al-I'tiqad, Zij-i ilkhani, Rawḍa-yi Taslīm, Akhlaq-i Nasiri, al-Risalah al-Asturlabiyah, Al-Tadhkirah fi 'Ilm al-Hay'ah (Memoir on the Science of Astronomy)
TeachersKamal al-Din ibn Yunus[1]
Muslim leader
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Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (1201 – 1274),[a] also known as Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī[5] (Arabic: نصیر الدین الطوسی; Persian: نصیر الدین طوسی) or simply as (al-)Tusi, was a Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian.[6] Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was a well published author, writing on subjects of math, engineering, prose, and mysticism. Additionally, al-Tusi made several scientific advancements. In astronomy, al-Tusi created very accurate tables of planetary motion, an updated planetary model, and critiques of Ptolemaic astronomy. He also made strides in logic, mathematics but especially trigonometry, biology, and chemistry. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi left behind a great legacy as well. Tusi is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of medieval Islam,[7] since he is often considered the creator of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right.[8][9][10] The Muslim scholar Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) considered Tusi to be the greatest of the later Persian scholars.[11] There is also reason to believe that he may have influenced Copernican heliocentrism.[12][13][14][15][16][17]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference MacT was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cooper, John (1998). "al-Tusi, Khwajah Nasir (1201-74)". Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge.
  3. ^ Shams al‐Dīn al‐Bukhārī at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  4. ^ "ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
  5. ^ Lameer, Joep (2015). The Arabic Version of Ṭūsī's Nasirean Ethics. Brill. ISBN 978-9004304505.
  6. ^ Multiple sources:
  7. ^ Brummelen, Glen Van (2009). The Mathematics of the Heavens and the Earth: The Early History of Trigonometry. Princeton University Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-691-12973-0. Few would argue against the claim that al-Tusi was one of the greatest scientists of medieval Islam.
  8. ^ "Al-Tusi_Nasir biography". www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-08-05. One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth.
  9. ^ Berggren, J. L. (2013). "Islamic Mathematics". the cambridge history of science. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–83. doi:10.1017/CHO9780511974007.004. ISBN 978-0-521-59448-6.
  10. ^ electricpulp.com. "ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-08-05. His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles.
  11. ^ James Winston Morris, "An Arab Machiavelli? Rhetoric, Philosophy and Politics in Ibn Khaldun’s Critique of Sufism", Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 8 (2009), pp 242–291. [1] Archived 2010-06-20 at the Wayback Machine excerpt from page 286 (footnote 39): "Ibn Khaldun’s own personal opinion is no doubt summarized in his pointed remark (Q 3: 274) that Tusi was better than any other later Iranian scholar". Original Arabic: Muqaddimat Ibn Khaldūn : dirāsah usūlīyah tārīkhīyah / li-Aḥmad Ṣubḥī Manṣūr-al-Qāhirah : Markaz Ibn Khaldūn : Dār al-Amīn, 1998. ISBN 977-19-6070-9. Excerpt from Ibn Khaldun is found in the section: الفصل الثالث و الأربعون: في أن حملة العلم في الإسلام أكثرهم العجم (On how the majority who carried knowledge forward in Islam were Persians) In this section, see the sentence where he mentions Tusi as more knowledgeable than other later Persian ('Ajam) scholars: . و أما غيره من العجم فلم نر لهم من بعد الإمام ابن الخطيب و نصير الدين الطوسي كلاما يعول على نهايته في الإصابة. فاعتير ذلك و تأمله تر عجبا في أحوال الخليقة. و الله يخلق ما بشاء لا شريك له الملك و له الحمد و هو على كل شيء قدير و حسبنا الله و نعم الوكيل و الحمد لله.
  12. ^ Nosonovsky, Michael (2018-08-14). "Abner of Burgos: The Missing Link between Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and Nicolaus Copernicus?". Zutot. 15 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1163/18750214-12151070. ISSN 1571-7283. S2CID 135358186.
  13. ^ Morrison, Robert (March 2014). "A Scholarly Intermediary between the Ottoman Empire and Renaissance Europe". Isis. 105 (1): 32–57. doi:10.1086/675550. ISSN 0021-1753. PMID 24855871. S2CID 12180700.[permanent dead link]
  14. ^ Pedersen, Olaf (1993-03-11). Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction. CUP Archive. pp. 273–274. ISBN 978-0-521-40899-8.
  15. ^ Rabin, Sheila (2004-11-30). "Nicolaus Copernicus". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  16. ^ Hartner, Willy (1973). "Copernicus, the Man, the Work, and Its History". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 117 (6): 413–422. Bibcode:1973PAPhS.117..413H. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986460.
  17. ^ Kennedy, E. S. (October 1966). "Late 0Medieval Planetary Theory". Isis. 57 (3): 365–378. doi:10.1086/350144. ISSN 0021-1753. S2CID 143569912.


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