National conservatism

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National conservatism is a nationalist variant of conservatism[definition under discussion] that concentrates on upholding national, cultural identity, communitarianism and the public role of religion (see religion in politics). It shares aspects of traditionalist conservatism and social conservatism, while departing from economic liberalism and libertarianism, as well as taking a more pragmatic approach to regulatory economics and protectionism.[1][2][3][4] National conservatives usually combine conservatism with nationalist stances, emphasizing cultural conservatism, family values and opposition to illegal immigration or opposition to immigration per se.[5][6][7] National conservative parties often have roots in environments with a rural, traditionalist or peripheral basis, contrasting with the more urban support base of liberal conservative parties.[8]

In Europe, national conservatives usually embrace some form of Euroscepticism.[9] In post-communist central and eastern Europe specifically, most conservative parties since 1989 have followed a national conservative ideology.[10] Most notable is Viktor Orbán in Hungary, who has explicitly described his Fidesz's ideology as being national conservative in character and whose government is involved in the funding and spread of national conservative institutions across Europe and the United States, such as the Danube Institute, the Mathias Corvinus Collegium, The European Conservative magazine and the National Conservatism Conference.[5][6][11][12][13][14][15] In the United States, Trumpism can be considered a variety of national conservatism,[16][17][18] which also gives its name to the National Conservatism Conference, organised by the Edmund Burke Foundation.[19]

National conservatism was recently re-launched by Israeli-American political philosopher and Biblical scholar Yoram Hazony, with his 2022 book Conservatism: A Rediscovery.[20][21][22][23] Hazony has written that "In the political arena, conservatism refers to a standpoint that regards the recovery, restoration, elaboration, and repair of national and religious traditions as the key to maintaining a nation and strengthening it through time."[20]

  1. ^ ANDREW., HEYWOOD (2018). ESSENTIALS OF POLITICAL IDEAS : for a level. [S.l.]: PALGRAVE. ISBN 978-1137611673. OCLC 1005867754.
  2. ^ Berkowitz, Peter, ed. (2004). Varieties of conservatism in America. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press. ISBN 0817945725. OCLC 839305105.
  3. ^ Dahms, Harry F., ed. (7 November 2014). Mediations of social life in the 21st century. Bingle, UK. ISBN 9781784412227. OCLC 896728569.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/national-conservatism
  5. ^ a b Sibarium, Aaron (15 August 2019). "National Conservatism: A Guide for the Perplexed". The American Interest. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  6. ^ a b Gallagher, Brenden (11 August 2019). "The national conservatism movement just began—does it have a future?". The Daily Dot. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  7. ^ Littlejohn, Brad (Summer 2023). "National Conservatism, Then and Now". National Affairs. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  8. ^ Vít Hloušek; Lubomír Kopecek (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Routledge. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-317-08503-4.
  9. ^ Traynor, Ian, The EU's weary travellers Archived 7 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian, 4 April 2006
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bakke was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Ferraresi, Mattia (29 January 2024). "Nationalists Claim They Want to Redefine Conservatism, but They're Not Sure What It Is". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  12. ^ O'Sullivan, John (9 April 2018). "Hungary Embraces National Conservatism". National Review. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  13. ^ Chotiner, Isaac (10 August 2021). "Why Conservatives Around the World Have Embraced Hungary's Viktor Orbán". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  14. ^ O'Sullivan, John (9 April 2018). "Hungary Embraces National Conservatism - Danube Institute". Danube Institute. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  15. ^ Adu, Aletha; Walker, Peter (15 May 2023). "Who are 'national conservatives' and what do they want?". Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Economist Feb152024 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Meaney, Thomas. "Trumpism After Trump: Will the movement outlive the man?". Harper's Magazine. Vol. February 2020. ISSN 0017-789X. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  18. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (17 July 2019). "Trump and the dead end of conservative nationalism". Vox. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  19. ^ "Overview".
  20. ^ a b Hazony, Yoram (2022). Conservatism: A Rediscovery. Forum. ISBN 978-1800752337.
  21. ^ Luban, Daniel (26 July 2019). "The Man Behind National Conservatism: Yoram Hazony has written the closest thing to a manifesto for intellectuals on the right". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  22. ^ Robinson, Peter M. (22 June 2022). "Yoram Hazony Rediscovers Conservatism". Hoover Institution. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  23. ^ Baker, Gerard (18 January 2024). "Yoram Hazony and the Future of Conservatism - Opinion: Free Expression - WSJ Podcasts". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 January 2024.