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Nationalism
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Several scholars of nationalism support the existence of nationalism in the Middle Ages (mainly in Europe). This school of thought differs from modernism, the predominant school of thought on nationalism, which suggests that nationalism developed largely after the late 18th century and the French Revolution.^[1]^[2] Theories on the existence of nationalism in the Middle Ages may belong to the general paradigms of ethnosymbolism and primordialism (perennialism).

^ Smith, Anthony D. (2007). Nationalism (2nd ed.). Cambridge: polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-5128-6.
^ Schwyzer, Philip (2016-06-02). "Nationalism in the Renaissance". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.70. ISBN 978-0-19-993533-8. Retrieved 2020-06-12.

Nationalism in the Middle Ages