Native species

Large-leaved lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus): native to western North America but introduced and invasive in several areas worldwide

In biogeography, a native species is indigenous to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only local natural evolution (though often popularised as "with no human intervention") during history.[1] The term is equivalent to the concept of indigenous or autochthonous species.[2][3] A wild organism (as opposed to a domesticated organism) is known as an introduced species within the regions where it was anthropogenically introduced.[4] If an introduced species causes substantial ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage, it may be regarded more specifically as an invasive species.

The notion of nativity is often a blurred concept, as it is a function of both time and political boundaries.[5][6] Over long periods of time, local conditions and migratory patterns are constantly changing as tectonic plates move, join, and split. Natural climate change (which is much slower than human-caused climate change) changes sea level, ice cover, temperature, and rainfall, driving direct changes in habitability and indirect changes through the presence of predators, competitors, food sources, and even oxygen levels. Species do naturally appear, reproduce, and endure, or become extinct, and their distribution is rarely static or confined to a particular geographic location. Moreover, the distinction between native and non-native as being tied to a local occurrence during historical times has been criticised as lacking perspective, and a case was made for more graded categorisations such as that of prehistoric natives, which occurred in a region during prehistory but have since suffered local extinction there due to human involvement.[7]

A native species in a location is not necessarily also endemic to that location. Endemic species are exclusively found in a particular place.[8] A native species may occur in areas other than the one under consideration. The terms endemic and native also do not imply that an organism necessarily first originated or evolved where it is currently found.[9]

  1. ^ "Executive Order 13112". 2008-05-15. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 2022-07-09.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference rhode was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference mwautochth was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "Introduced species". Science Daily. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference levin2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference aitken2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Lemoine, Rhys T.; Svenning, Jens‐Christian (2022-03-03). "Nativeness is not binary—a graduated terminology for native and non‐native species in the Anthropocene". Restoration Ecology. 30 (8). doi:10.1111/rec.13636. ISSN 1061-2971. S2CID 246251260.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference oedendemic was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference envirofacts was invoked but never defined (see the help page).