Navayana

This article is about the contemporary Indian Buddhist tradition. For the book publisher, see Navayana (publishing house).

Navayāna
नवयान
A Navayāna Buddhist shrine with Ambedkar's portrait and The Buddha and His Dhamma book. The photograph is on the event of the 50th Dhammachakra Pravartan Day.
TypeDharmic
ModeratorBodhisattva Ambedkar
RegionIndia
FounderB. R. Ambedkar
Origin1956
Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur, India
Members7.30 million followers (2011)
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Young Indian samanera (novice Buddhist monk) in an Indian vihara. There are statues of Gautama Buddha and B. R. Ambedkar depicted as a bodhisattva.

Navayāna (Devanagari: नवयान, IAST: Navayāna, meaning "New Vehicle"), otherwise known as Navayāna Buddhism, refers to the modern re-interpretation of Buddhism founded and developed by the Indian jurist, social reformer, and scholar B. R. Ambedkar;[a] it is otherwise called Neo-Buddhism and Ambedkarite Buddhism.[1][2]

B. R. Ambedkar was an Indian lawyer, politician, and scholar of Buddhism, and the Drafting Chairman of the Constitution of India. He was born in a Dalit (untouchable) family during the colonial era of India, studied abroad, became a Dalit leader, and announced in 1935 his intent to convert from Hinduism to a different religion,[3] an endeavor which took him to study all the major religions of the world in depth, namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Christianity, and Islam, for nearly 21 years.[4][5][3] Thereafter, Ambedkar studied the sacred texts of Buddhism and found several of its core beliefs and doctrines, such as Four Noble Truths and non-self (anātman), as flawed and pessimistic, then re-interpreted these teachings into what he called "New Vehicle" Buddhism, or Navayāna.[6] Ambedkar held a press conference on 13 October 1956, announcing his rejection of Theravāda and Mahāyāna branches of Buddhism, as well as of Hinduism altogether.[7] Thereafter, he left Hinduism and adopted Navayāna Buddhism as his religious faith, about six weeks before his death.[1][6][7] Its adherents see Navayāna Buddhism not as a sect with radically different ideas, but rather as a new social movement founded on the principles of Buddhism.

In the Dalit Buddhist movement, Navayāna is considered an independent new branch of Buddhism native to India, distinct from the traditionally recognized branches of Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Vajrayāna[8]—considered to be foundational in the Buddhist tradition.[9][b] It radically re-interprets what Buddhism is,[10][c] revising parts of the original teachings of the Buddha to be more concerned with class struggle, social equality, and right to education, taking into account modern problems.[6][11][12]

While the term Navayāna is most commonly used in reference to the movement that Ambedkar founded in India, it is also (more rarely) used in a different sense, to refer to Westernized forms of Buddhism.[13] Ambedkar called his version of Buddhism "Navayāna" or "Neo-Buddhism".[14] His book, The Buddha and His Dhamma is the holy book of Navayāna Buddhism. The followers of Navayāna Buddhism are generally called "Buddhists" (Bauddha) as well as Ambedkarite Buddhists, Neo-Buddhists, and rarely Navayana Buddhists.[15] Almost 90% of Navayāna Buddhists live in Maharashtra.


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  1. ^ a b Tartakov, Gary (2003). Robinson, Rowena (ed.). Religious Conversion in India: Modes, motivations, and meanings. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–213. ISBN 978-0-19-566329-7.
  2. ^ Queen, Christopher (2015). Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.). A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 524–525. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.
  3. ^ a b Dirks, Nicholas B. (2011). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the making of modern India. Princeton University Press. pp. 267–274. ISBN 978-1-4008-4094-6.
  4. ^ "Why Ambedkar chose Buddhism over Hinduism, Islam, Christianity". ThePrint. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  5. ^ "Three reasons why Ambedkar embraced Buddhism". The Indian Express. 14 April 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Zelliot, Eleanor (2015). Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed.). Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13, 361–370. ISBN 978-1-317-40357-9.
  7. ^ a b Queen, Christopher (2015). Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.). A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 524–529. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.
  8. ^ Omvedt, Gail (2003). Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and caste (3rd ed.). London, UK; New Delhi, IN; Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 2, 3–7, 8, 14–15, 19, 240, 266, 271.
  9. ^ a b Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1.
  10. ^ a b Rich, Bruce (2008). To Uphold the World. Penguin Books. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-670-99946-0.[full citation needed]
  11. ^ Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Routledge. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-1-136-98588-1.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference blackburn1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Wiering, Jelle (2 July 2016). ""Others Think I am Airy-fairy": Practicing Navayana Buddhism in a Dutch Secular Climate". Contemporary Buddhism. 17 (2): 369–389. doi:10.1080/14639947.2016.1234751. hdl:11370/5bd3579c-fc6d-45f8-8e69-fa081555ff2a. ISSN 1463-9947. S2CID 151389804.
  14. ^ Christopher S. Queen (2000). Engaged Buddhism in the West. Wisdom Publications. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-86171-159-8.
  15. ^ Queen, Christopher (2015). Emmanuel, Steven M. (ed.). A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 524–531. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3.