Nefertiti

This article is about the Ancient Egyptian queen. For other uses, see Nefertiti (disambiguation).
For other individuals named Neferneferuaten, see Neferneferuaten (disambiguation).

Nefertiti
The bust of Nefertiti from the Egyptian Museum of Berlin collection, presently in the Neues Museum
Queen consort of Egypt
Tenure1353–1336 BC[1] or
1351–1334 BC[2]
Pharaoh
(as Neferneferuaten, disputed)
Reignc. 1334–1332 BC
PredecessorSmenkhkare
SuccessorTutankhamun
Bornc. 1370 BC
Thebes, Egypt
Diedc. 1330 BC
SpouseAkhenaten
Issue
Dynasty18th of Egypt
FatherAy (possibly)
MotherIuy (possibly)
ReligionAtenism
Neferneferuaten-Nefertiti in hieroglyphs
X1
N35
N5		 M17F35F35F35F35
 
F35M18X1
Z4		 B1

Neferneferuaten Nefertiti
Nfr nfrw itn Nfr.t jy.tj
Beautiful are the Beauties of Aten, the Beautiful one has come

Nefertiti (/ˌnɛfərˈtiːti/[3]) (c. 1370 – c. 1330 BC) was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, the great royal wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Nefertiti and her husband were known for their radical overhaul of state religious policy, in which they promoted the earliest known form of monotheism, Atenism, centered on the sun disc and its direct connection to the royal household. With her husband, she reigned at what was arguably the wealthiest period of ancient Egyptian history.[4] After her husband's death, some scholars believe that Nefertiti ruled briefly as the female pharaoh known by the throne name, Neferneferuaten and before the ascension of Tutankhamun, although this identification is a matter of ongoing debate.[5][6] If Nefertiti did rule as pharaoh, her reign was marked by the fall of Amarna and relocation of the capital back to the traditional city of Thebes.[7]

In the 20th century, Nefertiti was made famous by the discovery and display of her ancient bust, now in Berlin's Neues Museum. The bust is one of the most copied works of the art of ancient Egypt. It is attributed to the Egyptian sculptor Thutmose, and was excavated from his buried studio complex in the early 20th century.

  1. ^ "Akhenaton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 May 2007.
  2. ^ von Beckerath, Jürgen (1997). Chronologie des Pharaonischen Ägypten. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern. p. 190.
  3. ^ "Nefertit". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  4. ^ Freed, R. E.; D'Auria, S.; Markowitz, Y. J. (1999). Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamen. Leiden: Museum of Fine Arts.
  5. ^ Dodson, Aidan (2009). Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (PDF). The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-977-416-304-3.
  6. ^ Van de Perre, Athena (2014). "The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis: A contribution to the study of the later years of Nefertiti". Journal of Egyptian History. 7: 67–108. doi:10.1163/18741665-12340014.
  7. ^ Badger Utopia (11 August 2017). Nefertiti - Mummy Queen of Mystery. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 30 October 2017 – via YouTube.