Neurodegenerative disease

For the medical journal, see Experimental Neurology.
Neurodegenerative disease
Normal brain on left contrasted with structural changes shown in brain on right of person with Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative disease[1]
SpecialtyNeurology, Psychiatry

A neurodegenerative disease is caused by the progressive loss of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration.[2][3] Neuronal damage may also ultimately result in their death. Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophy, tauopathies, and prion diseases. Neurodegeneration can be found in the brain at many different levels of neuronal circuitry, ranging from molecular to systemic.[4] Because there is no known way to reverse the progressive degeneration of neurons, these diseases are considered to be incurable; however research has shown that the two major contributing factors to neurodegeneration are oxidative stress and inflammation.[5][6][7][8] Biomedical research has revealed many similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assemblies (like proteinopathy) and induced cell death.[9][10] These similarities suggest that therapeutic advances against one neurodegenerative disease might ameliorate other diseases as well.

Within neurodegenerative diseases, it is estimated that 55 million people worldwide had dementia in 2019, and that by 2050 this figure will increase to 139 million people.[11]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference CSHPB-Apr18 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Lamptey RN, Chaulagain B, Trivedi R, Gothwal A, Layek B, Singh J (February 2022). "A Review of the Common Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Therapeutic Approaches and the Potential Role of Nanotherapeutics". Int J Mol Sci. 23 (3): 1851. doi:10.3390/ijms23031851. PMC 8837071. PMID 35163773.
  3. ^ "Brain Basics: The Life and Death of a Neuron | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke". www.ninds.nih.gov. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  4. ^ Patow, Gustavo; Escrichs, Anira; Ritter, Petra; Deco, Gustavo (2024-03-31). "Whole-Brain Dynamics Disruptions in the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding the Influence of Amyloid-Beta and Tau". bioRxiv: 2024.03.29.587333. doi:10.1101/2024.03.29.587333. PMC 10996678. PMID 38585882.
  5. ^ Pereira, TMC; Côco, LZ; Ton, AMM; Meyrelles, SS; Campos-Toimil, M; Campagnaro, BP; Vasquez, EC (20 November 2021). "The Emerging Scenario of the Gut-Brain Axis: The Therapeutic Actions of the New Actor Kefir against Neurodegenerative Diseases". Antioxidants. 10 (11): 1845. doi:10.3390/antiox10111845. PMC 8614795. PMID 34829716.
  6. ^ Stephenson, J; Nutma, E; van der Valk, P; Amor, S (June 2018). "Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases". Immunology. 154 (2): 204–219. doi:10.1111/imm.12922. PMC 5980185. PMID 29513402.
  7. ^ Singh, A; Kukreti, R; Saso, L; Kukreti, S (22 April 2019). "Oxidative Stress: A Key Modulator in Neurodegenerative Diseases". Molecules. 24 (8): 1583. doi:10.3390/molecules24081583. PMC 6514564. PMID 31013638.
  8. ^ "What is Neurodegenerative Disease?". JPND Research. 17 July 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  9. ^ Rubinsztein DC (October 2006). "The roles of intracellular protein-degradation pathways in neurodegeneration". Nature. 443 (7113): 780–6. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..780R. doi:10.1038/nature05291. PMID 17051204. S2CID 4411895.
  10. ^ Bredesen DE, Rao RV, Mehlen P (October 2006). "Cell death in the nervous system". Nature. 443 (7113): 796–802. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..796B. doi:10.1038/nature05293. PMC 3970704. PMID 17051206.
  11. ^ Global status report on the public health response to dementia (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2021. ISBN 978-92-4-003324-5. Retrieved 14 October 2022.