New Brunswick

This article is about the Canadian province. For the city, see New Brunswick, New Jersey. For other uses, see New Brunswick (disambiguation).
"New Brunswicker" redirects here. Not to be confused with New Brunswicker (apple).

New Brunswick
Nouveau-Brunswick (French)[1]
Province
Flag of New Brunswick
Flag
Coat of arms of New Brunswick
Coat of arms
Motto(s): 
Spem reduxit (Latin)[2]
("Hope restored")[3]
Coordinates: 46°30′N 66°00′W / 46.500°N 66.000°W / 46.500; -66.000[4]
CountryCanada
Confederation1 July 1867 (1st, with Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec)
CapitalFredericton
Largest cityMoncton
Largest metroGreater Moncton
Government
 • TypeParliamentary constitutional monarchy
 • Lieutenant GovernorBrenda Murphy
 • PremierSusan Holt
LegislatureLegislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Federal representationParliament of Canada
House seats10 of 338 (3%)
Senate seats10 of 105 (9.5%)
Area
 • Total72,908 km2 (28,150 sq mi)
 • Land71,450 km2 (27,590 sq mi)
 • Water1,458 km2 (563 sq mi)  2%
 • Rank11th
 0.7% of Canada
Population
 (2021)
 • Total775,610[5]
 • Estimate 
(Q3 2024)
854,355[6]
 • Rank8th
 • Density10.86/km2 (28.1/sq mi)
DemonymsNew Brunswicker
FR: Néo-Brunswickois(e)
Official languages
GDP
 • Rank9th
 • Total (2017)C$36.088 billion[8]
 • Per capitaC$42,606 (11th)
HDI
 • HDI (2021)0.904[9] — Very high (12th)
Time zoneUTC-04:00 (Atlantic)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-03:00 (Atlantic DST)
Canadian postal abbr.
NB
Postal code prefix
E
ISO 3166 codeCA-NB
FlowerPurple violet
TreeBalsam fir
BirdBlack-capped chickadee
Rankings include all provinces and territories

New Brunswick (French: Nouveau-Brunswick, pronounced [nuvo bʁœ̃swik], locally [nuvo bʁɔnzwɪk] ⓘ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces.

New Brunswick is bordered by Quebec to the north, Nova Scotia to the east, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the northeast, the Bay of Fundy to the southeast, and the U.S. state of Maine to the west. New Brunswick is about 83% forested and its northern half is occupied by the Appalachians.[10] The province's climate is continental with snowy winters and temperate summers.

New Brunswick has a surface area of 72,908 km2 (28,150 sq mi) and 775,610 inhabitants (2021 census).[11] Atypically for Canada, only about half of the population lives in urban areas - predominantly in Moncton, Saint John and Fredericton.

In 1969, New Brunswick passed the Official Languages Act which began recognizing French as an official language, along with English.[12] New Brunswickers have the right to receive provincial government services in the official language of their choice.[13] About two thirds of the population are English speaking and one third is French speaking. New Brunswick is home to most of the cultural region of Acadia and most Acadians. New Brunswick's variety of French is called Acadian French. There are seven regional accents.[14]

New Brunswick was first inhabited by First Nations like the Mi’kmaq and Maliseet. In 1604, Acadia, the first New France colony, was founded with the creation of Port-Royal. For 150 years afterwards, Acadia changed hands multiple times due to numerous conflicts between France and the United Kingdom. From 1755 to 1764, the British deported Acadians en masse, an event known as the Great Upheaval. This, along with the Treaty of Paris, solidified Acadia as British property. In 1784, following the arrival of many loyalists fleeing the American Revolution, the colony of New Brunswick was officially created, separating it from what is now Nova Scotia.[15] In the early 1800s, New Brunswick prospered and the population grew rapidly. In 1867, New Brunswick decided to join with Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (now Quebec and Ontario) to form Canada. After Confederation, shipbuilding and lumbering declined, and protectionism disrupted trade with New England.

From the mid-1900s onwards, New Brunswick was one of the poorest regions of Canada, a fact eventually mitigated by transfer payments. However, the province has seen the highest eastward migration in 45 years in both rural and urban areas, as people from Ontario and other parts of Canada migrate to the area.[16] As of 2002, the provincial GDP was derived as follows: services (about half being government services and public administration) 43%; construction, manufacturing, and utilities 24%; real estate rental 12%; wholesale and retail 11%; agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, mining, oil and gas extraction 5%; transportation and warehousing 5%.[17] A powerful corporate concentration of large companies in New Brunswick is owned by the Irving Group of Companies.[18] The province's 2019 output was CA$38.236 billion, which is 1.65% of Canada's GDP.[19]

Tourism accounts for 9% of the labour force either directly or indirectly. Popular destinations include the Hopewell Rocks, Fundy National Park, Magnetic Hill, Kouchibouguac National Park and Roosevelt Campobello International Park.[20]

On 1 January 2023, local government of New Brunswick restructured the entities (admin level 4) throughout the province. The previous 340 entities were replaced by 77 local governments and 12 rural districts.

  1. ^ Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada. "Place names – Nouveau-Brunswick". www4.rncan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  2. ^ Ann Gorman Condon. "Winslow Papers >> Ann Gorman Condon >> The New Province: Spem Reduxit". University of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  3. ^ The Governor General of Canada: Public Register of Arms, Flags, and Badges of Canada > The Province of New Brunswick.
  4. ^ "New Brunswick". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
  5. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  6. ^ "Population estimates, quarterly". Statistics Canada. 27 September 2023. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  7. ^ "My Linguistic Rights". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  8. ^ Statistics Canada (11 September 2019). "Table: 36-10-0222-01 Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, provincial and territorial, annual (x 1,000,000)". Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  9. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  10. ^ "New-Brunswick" Archived 13 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (consulted March 2021)
  11. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  12. ^ ""Histoire des langues officielles" (consulted March 2021)". Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  13. ^ "History of Official Languages". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  14. ^ "Our 32 accents" Archived 11 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (consulted April 2021)
  15. ^ "TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT: Founding of the Province of New Brunswick". Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Government of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  16. ^ Jones, Robert (29 September 2021). "Canadians chasing an East Coast lifestyle fuel population jump in New Brunswick". CBC. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  17. ^ "Provincial Gross Domestic Product by Industry" (PDF). Statistics Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  18. ^ "The family that owns New Brunswick" Archived 6 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine (consulted March 2021)
  19. ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, provincial and territorial, annual". Archived 23 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved 26 December 2020).
  20. ^ "New Brunswick Tourism Indicators Summary Report" (PDF). Government of New Brunswick. September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.