Night terror

Not to be confused with Nightmare.
For other uses, see Night Terror (disambiguation).
"Pavor nocturnus" redirects here. For the TV episode, see Pavor Nocturnus (Sanctuary).
Night terror
Other namesSleep terror, pavor nocturnus
SpecialtyPsychiatry, sleep medicine, clinical psychology
SymptomsFeelings of panic or dread, sudden motor activity, thrashing, sweating, rapid breathing, increased heart rate
Usual onsetEarly childhood; symptoms tend to decrease with age
Duration1 to 10 minutes
Differential diagnosisEpileptic seizure, nightmares

Night terror, also called sleep terror, is a sleep disorder causing feelings of panic or dread and typically occurring during the first hours of stage 3–4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep[1] and lasting for 1 to 10 minutes.[2] It can last longer, especially in children.[2] Sleep terror is classified in the category of NREM-related parasomnias in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders.[3] There are two other categories: REM-related parasomnias and other parasomnias.[3] Parasomnias are qualified as undesirable physical events or experiences that occur during entry into sleep, during sleep, or during arousal from sleep.[4]

Sleep terrors usually begin in childhood and usually decrease as age increases.[2] Factors that may lead to sleep terrors are young age, sleep deprivation, medications, stress, fever, and intrinsic sleep disorders.[5] The frequency and severity differ among individuals; the interval between episodes can be as long as weeks and as short as minutes or hours.[6] This has created a situation in which any type of nocturnal attack or nightmare may be confused with and reported as a night terror.[7]

Night terrors tend to happen during periods of arousal from delta sleep, or slow-wave sleep.[8][7] Delta sleep occurs most often during the first half of a sleep cycle, which indicates that people with more delta-sleep activity are more prone to night terrors. However, they can also occur during daytime naps.[6] Night terrors can often be mistaken for confusional arousal.[8]

While nightmares (bad dreams during REM sleep that cause feelings of horror or fear) are relatively common during childhood, night terrors occur less frequently.[9] The prevalence of sleep terrors in general is unknown.[2] The number of small children who experience sleep terror episodes (distinct from sleep terror disorder, which is recurrent and causes distress or impairment[2]) are estimated at 36.9% at 18 months of age and at 19.7% at 30 months.[2] In adults, the prevalence is lower, at only 2.2%.[2] Night terrors have been known since ancient times, although it was impossible to differentiate them from nightmares until rapid eye movement was studied.[7]

  1. ^ Hockenbury, Don H. Hockenbury, Sandra E. (2010). Discovering psychology (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-4292-1650-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g American Psychiatric Association (May 22, 2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596. ISBN 978-0890425558.
  3. ^ a b Sateia, Michael J. (November 2014). "International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition". Chest. 146 (5): 1387–1394. doi:10.1378/chest.14-0970. PMID 25367475.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Mason, T. B. A.; Pack, A. I. (2007). "Pediatric Parasomnias". Sleep. 30 (2): 141–151. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.2.141. PMID 17326539.
  6. ^ a b DSM-IV-TR: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-89042-025-6.[page needed]
  7. ^ a b c Szelenberger, Waldemar; Niemcewicz, Szymon; Dąbrowska, Anna Justyna (2009). "Sleepwalking and night terrors: Psychopathological and psychophysiological correlates". International Review of Psychiatry. 17 (4): 263–70. doi:10.1080/09540260500104573. PMID 16194798. S2CID 28776384.
  8. ^ a b Bjorvatn, Bjørn; Grønli, Janne; Pallesen, Ståle (2010). "Prevalence of different parasomnias in the general population". Sleep Medicine. 11 (10): 1031–4. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.07.011. PMID 21093361.
  9. ^ "Facts for Families No. 34: Children's Sleep Problems". AACAP.org. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Archived from the original on December 27, 2011. Retrieved December 20, 2011.