Nine familial exterminations

Nine familial exterminations
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese誅連九族
Simplified Chinese诛连九族
Literal meaningguilt by association of nine of a group/clan
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinzhūlián jiǔ zú
Wade–Gileschu1 lien2 chiu3 tsu2
Family execution
Traditional Chinese族誅
Simplified Chinese族诛
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinzúzhū
Wade–Gilestsu2-chu1
Family extermination
Traditional Chinese滅族
Simplified Chinese灭族
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinmièzú
Wade–Gilesmieh4-tsu2
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabettru di
tộc tru
Chữ Hán誅夷
族誅
Korean name
Hangul족주
Hanja族誅
Japanese name
Kanji族誅
Hiraganaぞくちゅう
Transcriptions
Revised Hepburnzokuchū

The nine familial exterminations, nine kinship exterminations, or execution of nine relations, also known by the names zuzhu ("family execution") and miezu ("family extermination"), was the most severe punishment for a capital offense in premodern China, Korea, and Vietnam.[1][2][3] A collective form of kin punishment typically associated with offenses such as treason, the punishment involved the execution of all relatives of an individual, which were categorized into nine groups. The occurrence of this punishment was somewhat rare, with relatively few sentences recorded throughout history.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference xin was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference CENJ was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ The Nine Exterminations (族诛) Definition of "族诛" at the China Encyclopedia