| Nipah virus infection | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Structure of a Henipavirus | |
| Specialty | Infectious diseases  |
| Symptoms | None, fever, cough, headache, diarrhea, confusion[1] |
| Complications | Inflammation of the brain, seizures[2] |
| Usual onset | 5 to 14 days after exposure[1] |
| Causes | Nipah virus (spread by direct contact)[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms, confirmed by laboratory testing[1] |
| Prevention | Avoiding exposure to bats and to sick pigs and people. |
| Treatment | Supportive care only[2] |
| Prognosis | The case fatality rate of Nipah virus infection is estimated at 40–75% but can vary by outbreak depending on surveillance and clinical management in affected areas.[3] |
| Frequency | ~701 human cases (1998 to May 2018)[4][5] |
| Deaths | ~50 to 75% risk of death[4][6] |
Nipah virus infection is an infection caused by the Nipah virus. Symptoms from infection vary from none to fever, cough, headache, shortness of breath, and confusion. This may worsen into a coma over a day or two, and 50% to 75% of those infected die. Complications can include inflammation of the brain and seizures following recovery.[2][1]
The Nipah virus (NiV) is a type of RNA virus in the genus Henipavirus, which normally circulates among fruit bats of the genus Pteropus.[7] Spread typically requires direct contact with an infected source; it can both spread between people and from other animals to people. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and confirmed by laboratory testing.[2][1]
Management is restricted to supportive care; as of 2021[update] there is neither vaccine nor specific treatment.[2] Preventive measures include avoiding exposure to bats and infected animals such as pigs, and not drinking raw date palm sap.[1] As of May 2018 about 700 human cases of Nipah virus were estimated to have occurred, and 50 to 75 percent of those infected died.[4][6][5]
The disease was first identified in 1998 by a team of researchers at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya during an outbreak in Malaysia.[8] The majority of the patients in Malaysia diagnosed with the disease were referred to and treated at the University of Malaya Medical Centre. The virus was isolated and identified in 1999.[2] The disease is named after a village in Malaysia, Sungai Nipah. Pigs may also be infected, millions of which were culled by Malaysian authorities in 1999 to successfully stop the spread of the disease.[2][9]
- ^ a b c d e f g "Nipah Virus (NiV)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology (DHCPP), Viral Special Pathogens Branch (VSPB). 19 October 2022. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Nipah Virus (NiV) Infection". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ "Nipah Virus Infection". who.int. World Health Organization. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
- ^ a b c Broder CC, Xu K, Nikolov DB, Zhu Z, Dimitrov DS, Middleton D, et al. (October 2013). "A treatment for and vaccine against the deadly Hendra and Nipah viruses". Antiviral Research. 100 (1): 8–13. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.06.012. PMC 4418552. PMID 23838047.
- ^ a b "Morbidity and mortality due to Nipah or Nipah-like virus encephalitis in WHO South-East Asia Region, 2001-2018" (PDF). SEAR. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
112 cases since Oct 2013
- ^ a b "Nipah virus outbreaks in the WHO South-East Asia Region". South-East Asia Regional Office. WHO. Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Singh RK, Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Tiwari R, Natesan S, Khandia R, et al. (1 January 2019). "Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies – a comprehensive review". Veterinary Quarterly. 39 (1): 26–55. doi:10.1080/01652176.2019.1580827. ISSN 0165-2176. PMC 6830995. PMID 31006350.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Seven things you need to know about Nipah virus | Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance". www.gavi.org. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023.