| Translations of Nirvana | |
|---|---|
| English | blowing out, extinguishing, liberation |
| Sanskrit | निर्वाण (IAST: nirvāṇa) |
| Pali | निब्बान nibbāna |
| Bengali | নির্বাণ nibbano |
| Burmese | နိဗ္ဗာန် (MLCTS: neɪʔbàɰ̃) |
| Chinese | 涅槃 (Pinyin: nièpán) |
| Indonesian | nirwana, kepadaman, pemadaman |
| Japanese | 涅槃 (Rōmaji: nehan) |
| Khmer | និព្វាន (UNGEGN: nĭppéan) |
| Korean | 열반 (RR: yeolban) |
| Mon | နဳဗာန် ([nìppàn]) |
| Mongolian | ᠨᠢᠷᠸᠠᠨ/нирван (nirvan) |
| Shan | ၼိၵ်ႈပၢၼ်ႇ ([nik3paan2]) |
| Sinhala | නිවන (nivana) |
| Tibetan | མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ། mya ngan las 'das pa |
| Tagalog | nirvana |
| Thai | นิพพาน (RTGS: nipphan) |
| Vietnamese | Niết bàn |
| Glossary of Buddhism | |
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Nirvana (Sanskrit: निर्वाण; IAST: nirvāṇa; Pali: nibbāna) is the extinguishing of the passions,[1] the "blowing out" or "quenching" of the activity of the grasping mind and its related unease.[2] Nirvana is the goal of many Buddhist paths, and leads to the soteriological release from dukkha ('suffering') and rebirths in saṃsāra.[3][4] Nirvana is part of the Third Truth on "cessation of dukkha" in the Four Noble Truths,[3] and the "summum bonum of Buddhism and goal of the Eightfold Path."[4]
In the Buddhist tradition, nirvana has commonly been interpreted as the extinction of the "three fires" (in analogy to, but rejecting, the three sacrificial fires of the Vedic ritual),[5] or "three poisons",[6][7][note 1] greed (raga), aversion (dvesha) and ignorance (moha).[7] When these fires are extinguished, release from saṃsāra, the perpetual grasping activity of the mind, or the cycle of rebirth, is attained.
Nirvana has also been claimed by some scholars to be identical with anatta (non-self) and sunyata (emptiness) states though this is hotly contested by other scholars and practicing monks.[web 1][8][9][10][11]
There are two types of nirvana: sopadhishesa-nirvana literally "nirvana with a remainder", attained and maintained during life, and parinirvana or anupadhishesa-nirvana, meaning "nirvana without remainder" or final nirvana.[12] In Mahayana these are called "abiding" and "non-abiding nirvana." Nirvana, as the quenching of the burning mind, is the highest aim of the Theravada tradition. In the Mahayana tradition, the highest goal is Buddhahood, in which there is no abiding in nirvana.
- ^ Chad Meister (2009). Introducing Philosophy of Religion. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-134-14179-1.
Buddhism: the soteriological goal is nirvana, liberation from the wheel of samsara and extinction of all desires, cravings and suffering.
- ^ Collins 1998, p. 191.
- ^ a b Buswell & Lopez 2013, pp. 589–590.
- ^ a b Keown 2004, pp. 194–195.
- ^ Gombrich 2006, p. 65.
- ^ a b Gombrich 2006, p. 66.
- ^ a b Buswell & Lopez 2013, Kindle loc. 44535.
- ^ Collins 1990, pp. 82–84.
- ^ Genjun Sasaki (1986). Linguistic Approach to Buddhist Thought. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 124–125. ISBN 978-81-208-0038-0.
- ^ Hamilton 2000, pp. 18–21.
- ^ [a] Mun-Keat Choong (1999). The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–4, 85–88. ISBN 978-81-208-1649-7.;
[b] Ray Billington (2002). Understanding Eastern Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 58–60. ISBN 978-1-134-79348-8.;
[c] David Loy (2009). Awareness Bound and Unbound: Buddhist Essays. State University of New York Press. pp. 35–39. ISBN 978-1-4384-2680-8. - ^ Buswell & Lopez 2013, p. 590.
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