Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals

Animal non-reproductive sexual behavior encompasses sexual activities that non-human animals participate in which do not lead to the reproduction of the species. Although procreation continues to be the primary explanation for sexual behavior in animals, recent observations on animal behavior have given alternative reasons for the engagement in sexual activities by animals.^[1] Animals have been observed to engage in sex for social interaction bonding, exchange for significant materials, affection, mentorship pairings, sexual enjoyment, or as demonstration of social rank. Observed non-procreative sexual activities include non-copulatory mounting (without insertion, or by a female, or by a younger male who does not yet produce semen), oral sex, genital stimulation, anal stimulation, interspecies mating, same-sex sexual interaction,^[2]^[3] and acts of affection, although it is doubted that they have done this since the beginning of their existence.^[4] There have also been observations of sex with cub participants,^[5] as well as sex with dead animals.^[6]

^ Waal, F (1995). "Bonobo sex and society". Scientific American. 272 (3): 82–98. Bibcode:1995SciAm.272c..82W. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0395-82. PMID 7871411.
^ Dubuc, C; Alan F. Dixson (2012). "Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans". International Journal of Primatology. 34: 216–218. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9648-6. S2CID 41078495.
^ Bailey, W; Zuk, M. (2009). "Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (8): 439–460. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24..439B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.461.6046. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014. PMID 19539396.
^ Balcombe, J. (2006). Pleasurable Kingdom: Animals and the Nature of Feeling Good. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 109, 115. ISBN 978-1403986016.
^ Dukas, R (2010). "Causes and consequences of male–male courtship in fruit flies". Animal Behaviour. 80 (5): 913–919. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.08.017. S2CID 54253398.
^ de Mattos Brito, L. B., Joventino, I. R., Ribeiro, S. C., & Cascon, P. (2012). "Necrophiliac behavior in the "cururu" toad, Rhinella jimi Steuvax, 2002, (Anura, Bufonidae) from Northeastern Brazil" (PDF). North-Western Journal of Zoology. 8 (2): 365.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Waal-1] Waal, F (1995). "Bonobo sex and society". Scientific American. 272 (3): 82–98. Bibcode:1995SciAm.272c..82W. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0395-82. PMID 7871411.

[Dubuc-2] Dubuc, C; Alan F. Dixson (2012). "Primate Sexuality: Comparative Studies of the Prosimians, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans". International Journal of Primatology. 34: 216–218. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9648-6. S2CID 41078495.

[Bailey-3] Bailey, W; Zuk, M. (2009). "Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (8): 439–460. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24..439B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.461.6046. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014. PMID 19539396.

[4] Balcombe, J. (2006). Pleasurable Kingdom: Animals and the Nature of Feeling Good. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 109, 115. ISBN 978-1403986016.

[Dukas-5] Dukas, R (2010). "Causes and consequences of male–male courtship in fruit flies". Animal Behaviour. 80 (5): 913–919. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.08.017. S2CID 54253398.

[necro2012-6] Mattos Brito, L. B., Joventino, I. R., Ribeiro, S. C., & Cascon, P. (2012). "Necrophiliac behavior in the "cururu" toad, Rhinella jimi Steuvax, 2002, (Anura, Bufonidae) from Northeastern Brazil" (PDF). North-Western Journal of Zoology. 8 (2): 365.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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