Nondestructive Evaluation 4.0

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Nondestructive Evaluation 4.0 (NDE 4.0) has been defined by Vrana et al. ^[1] as "the concept of cyber-physical non-destructive evaluation (including nondestructive testing) arising from Industry 4.0 digital technologies,^[2][3][4] physical inspection methods, and business models.^[5] It seeks to enhance inspection performance, integrity engineering and decision making for safety, sustainability,^[6] and quality assurance, as well as provide timely and relevant data to improve design, production, and maintenance characteristics."

NDE 4.0 arose in response to the emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which can be traced to the development of a high-tech strategy for the German government in 2015, under the term Industrie 4.0.^[7] The term became widely known in 2016 following its adoption as the theme of the World Economic Forum annual meeting in Davos.^[8]

The concept gained strength following the opening of the Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in 2016 in San Francisco.^[9] NDE 4.0 evolved in conjunction with Industry 4.0.^[10] It is recognized as a future goal by several global NDE organizations: the International Committee for Nondestructive Testing (ICNDT)^[11] has a Specialist international Group (SIG) on NDE 4.0,^[12] and the European Federation for Nondestructive Testing (EFNDT)^[13] created a working group designated as "EFNDT Working Group 10: NDE 4.0" (WG10).^[14] The importance of NDE 4.0 is reflected in the activities of NDE organizations throughout the world, including the American Society of Nondestructive Testing (ASNT),^[15] the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (BINDT),^[16] and the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing (DGZfP),^[17] through publications and training.