Obstructed defecation

Obstructed defecation syndrome
Other names
  • Anal outlet dysfunction.[1]
  • Anorectal dysmotility.[2]
  • Anorectal outlet obstruction.[2]
  • Defecatory obstruction.[3]
  • Difficult evacuation.[1]
  • Dyschezia.[4]
  • Evacuation disorder.[5]
  • Evacuatory dysfunction.[6]
  • Fecal evacuation disorder.[7]
  • Functional obstructed defecation syndrome.[1]
  • Obstructed defecation.[8]
  • Obstructed evacuation.[9]
  • Obstructive constipation.[10]
  • Obstructive defecation.[11]
  • Outlet obstruction.[12][note 1]
  • Outlet constipation.[5]
  • Outlet obstructive constipation.[13]
  • Pelvic constipation.[1]
  • Pelvic outlet obstruction.[6]
  • Rectal emptying difficulty.[14]
  • Rectal evacuatory dysfunction.[15]
  • Rectal outlet obstruction.[16]
SpecialtyGastroenterology, colorectal surgery / coloproctology

Obstructed defecation syndrome (abbreviated as ODS, with many synonymous terms) is a major cause of functional constipation (primary constipation),[17] of which it is considered a subtype.[18] It is characterized by difficult and/or incomplete emptying of the rectum with or without an actual reduction in the number of bowel movements per week.[18] Normal definitions of functional constipation include infrequent bowel movements and hard stools. In contrast, ODS may occur with frequent bowel movements and even with soft stools,[19] and the colonic transit time may be normal (unlike slow transit constipation), but delayed in the rectum and sigmoid colon.[2]

  1. ^ a b c d Steele SR, Hull TL, Hyman N, Maykel JA, Read TE, Whitlow CB (20 November 2021). The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery (4th ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-66049-9.
  2. ^ a b c Andromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D (April 2006). "Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 21 (4): 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. PMID 16677147. S2CID 30296908.
  3. ^ Cariou de Vergie, L; Venara, A; Duchalais, E; Frampas, E; Lehur, PA (February 2017). "Internal rectal prolapse: Definition, assessment and management in 2016". Journal of visceral surgery. 154 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2016.10.004. PMID 27865742.
  4. ^ Herold A, Lehur PA, Matzel KE, O'Connell PR (2017). European Manual of Medicine: Coloproctology (Second ed.). Berlin, Germany. ISBN 978-3-662-53210-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Lunniss2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Zbar2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Ghoshal, UC; Sachdeva, S; Pratap, N; Verma, A; Karyampudi, A; Misra, A; Abraham, P; Bhatia, SJ; Bhatt, N; Chandra, A; Chakravartty, K; Chaudhuri, S; Chandrasekar, TS; Gupta, A; Goenka, M; Goyal, O; Makharia, G; Mohan Prasad, VG; Anupama, NK; Paliwal, M; Ramakrishna, BS; Reddy, DN; Ray, G; Shukla, A; Sainani, R; Sadasivan, S; Singh, SP; Upadhyay, R; Venkataraman, J (November 2018). "Indian consensus on chronic constipation in adults: A joint position statement of the Indian Motility and Functional Diseases Association and the Indian Society of Gastroenterology". Indian Journal of Gastroenterology. 37 (6): 526–544. doi:10.1007/s12664-018-0894-1. PMC 6339668. PMID 30617919.
  8. ^ George B, Guy R, Jones O, Vogel J (2 May 2016). Colorectal Surgery: Clinical Care and Management. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-67478-9.
  9. ^ Iovino, P (2014). "Bloating and functional gastro-intestinal disorders: Where are we and where are we going?". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 20 (39): 14407–14419. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14407. PMC 4202369. PMID 25339827.
  10. ^ Sun, FF; Chen, YQ; Jiang, ZL; Ma, L (6 August 2024). "Botulinum toxin type A injection combined with biofeedback in the treatment of spastic pelvic floor syndrome". World Journal of Clinical Cases. 12 (22): 4905–4912. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v12.i22.4905. PMC 11238775. PMID 39109002.
  11. ^ Steele SR, Maykel JA, Wexner SD (11 August 2020). Clinical Decision Making in Colorectal Surgery (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-65941-1.
  12. ^ Jani B, Marsicano E (May 2018). "Constipation: Evaluation and Management". Missouri Medicine. 115 (3): 236–240. PMC 6140151. PMID 30228729.
  13. ^ Anorectal Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association; Clinical Guidelines Committee; Anorectal Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association; Professional Committee on Anorectal Diseases; Chinese Society of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Anorectal Disease Committee of Chinese Medical Women's Association; Chinese Constipation Medical Association (December 2022). "[Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of outlet obstructive constipation (2022 edition)]". Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 25 (12): 1045–1057. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn441530-20221009-00404. PMID 36562227.
  14. ^ Mellgren, A (March 2011). "Obstructed Defecation". Seminars in Colon and Rectal Surgery. 22 (1): 45–49. doi:10.1053/j.scrs.2010.09.016.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Clark2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Liberman H, Hughes C, Dippolito A (February 2000). "Evaluation and outcome of the delorme procedure in the treatment of rectal outlet obstruction". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 43 (2): 188–192. doi:10.1007/BF02236980. PMID 10696892. S2CID 38597586.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sákra2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Bordeianou LG, Carmichael JC, Paquette IM, Wexner S, Hull TL, Bernstein M, et al. (April 2018). "Consensus Statement of Definitions for Anorectal Physiology Testing and Pelvic Floor Terminology (Revised)". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 61 (4): 421–427. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000001070. PMID 29521821.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference Marzouk2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


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