Obstructed defecation syndrome (abbreviated as ODS, with many synonymous terms) is a major cause of functional constipation (primary constipation),[17] of which it is considered a subtype.[18] It is characterized by difficult and/or incomplete emptying of the rectum with or without an actual reduction in the number of bowel movements per week.[18] Normal definitions of functional constipation include infrequent bowel movements and hard stools. In contrast, ODS may occur with frequent bowel movements and even with soft stools,[19] and the colonic transit time may be normal (unlike slow transit constipation), but delayed in the rectum and sigmoid colon.[2]
^ abcdSteele SR, Hull TL, Hyman N, Maykel JA, Read TE, Whitlow CB (20 November 2021). The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery (4th ed.). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. ISBN978-3-030-66049-9.
^ abcAndromanakos N, Skandalakis P, Troupis T, Filippou D (April 2006). "Constipation of anorectal outlet obstruction: pathophysiology, evaluation and management". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 21 (4): 638–646. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04333.x. PMID16677147. S2CID30296908.
^Cariou de Vergie, L; Venara, A; Duchalais, E; Frampas, E; Lehur, PA (February 2017). "Internal rectal prolapse: Definition, assessment and management in 2016". Journal of visceral surgery. 154 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2016.10.004. PMID27865742.
^Herold A, Lehur PA, Matzel KE, O'Connell PR (2017). European Manual of Medicine: Coloproctology (Second ed.). Berlin, Germany. ISBN978-3-662-53210-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ abCite error: The named reference Lunniss2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference Zbar2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^George B, Guy R, Jones O, Vogel J (2 May 2016). Colorectal Surgery: Clinical Care and Management. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-1-118-67478-9.
^Steele SR, Maykel JA, Wexner SD (11 August 2020). Clinical Decision Making in Colorectal Surgery (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer International Publishing. ISBN978-3-319-65941-1.
^Anorectal Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association; Clinical Guidelines Committee; Anorectal Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association; Professional Committee on Anorectal Diseases; Chinese Society of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; Anorectal Disease Committee of Chinese Medical Women's Association; Chinese Constipation Medical Association (December 2022). "[Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of outlet obstructive constipation (2022 edition)]". Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi = Chinese Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 25 (12): 1045–1057. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn441530-20221009-00404. PMID36562227.
^Mellgren, A (March 2011). "Obstructed Defecation". Seminars in Colon and Rectal Surgery. 22 (1): 45–49. doi:10.1053/j.scrs.2010.09.016.
^Cite error: The named reference Clark2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Liberman H, Hughes C, Dippolito A (February 2000). "Evaluation and outcome of the delorme procedure in the treatment of rectal outlet obstruction". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 43 (2): 188–192. doi:10.1007/BF02236980. PMID10696892. S2CID38597586.
^Cite error: The named reference Sákra2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abBordeianou LG, Carmichael JC, Paquette IM, Wexner S, Hull TL, Bernstein M, et al. (April 2018). "Consensus Statement of Definitions for Anorectal Physiology Testing and Pelvic Floor Terminology (Revised)". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 61 (4): 421–427. doi:10.1097/DCR.0000000000001070. PMID29521821.
^Cite error: The named reference Marzouk2022 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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