Open-end spinning is a technology for creating yarn without using a spindle. It was invented and developed in Czechoslovakia in Výzkumný ústav bavlnářský / Cotton Research Institute in Ústí nad Orlicí in 1963.[1][2]
^Carl A Lawrence (2010) Advances in Yarn Spinning Technology pp. 261–273, Woodhead Publishing, Oxford ISBN978-1-84569-444-9