| Operation Tupac | |
|---|---|
| Part of Kashmir conflict and Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts | |
 CIA Map of the Kashmir region, where the operation was launched mainly | |
| Operational scope |
|
| Location | |
| Planned by |  Pakistan |
| Target |  India[1] |
| Date | 1989–2000s |
| Executed by | Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) |
| Outcome | |
Operation Tupac is the codename of a military-intelligence contingency program that was run in the 1980s by Pakistan's main intelligence agency Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). It has a three-part action plan to provide covert support to anti-India separatists and militants in the insurgency in Indan-administered Jammu and Kashmir. The program was authorized and initiated in 1988 by the order of the then-President of Pakistan, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[2] It has since been diminished since the Early 2000s by the later Military Dictator and President of Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf.
- ^ a b c Winchell, Sean P. (2003), "Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government", International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, 16 (3): 374–388, doi:10.1080/713830449, S2CID 154924792
- ^ a b c John Pike (25 July 2002). "Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008.
- ^ Rashid (2013), p. 48.
- ^ Ghosh 2000 pg.8
- ^ "International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) South Asia Terrorism Portal article". The Institute for Conflict Management. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^ Mehtab Ali Shah (1997). The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971-1994. I.B.Tauris. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-86064-169-5.
- ^ Nanjappa, Vicky (10 June 2008). "200 Pak organisations raise funds for terror: IB". Rediff.com. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^ Mukhtar Khan (9 January 2009). "India's Sikh Militants Forming Ties with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Pakistani Intelligence" (PDF). The Jamestown Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2012.