Oppositional defiant disorder

Oppositional defiant disorder
SpecialtyPaediatrics, Psychology
SymptomsRecurrent patterns of negative, hostile, or defiant behavior towards authority figures
ComplicationsEnforcement action
Usual onsetChildhood or adolescence (can become evident before 8 years of age)
DurationIs diagnosed until 18 years of age
CausesInsufficient care for the affected child during early development
Risk factorsADHD
Differential diagnosisConduct disorder, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, a psychotic disorder, borderline personality disorder, major depressive disorder, antisocial personality disorder
TreatmentMedication, Cognitive behavioral therapy, family therapy, intervention (counseling)
Medication
PrognosisPoor unless professionally treated
Frequency~3%

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)[1] is listed in the DSM-5 under Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders and defined as "a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness."[2] This behavior is usually targeted toward peers, parents, teachers, and other authority figures, including law enforcement officials.[3] Unlike conduct disorder (CD), those with ODD do not generally show patterns of aggression towards random people, violence against animals, destruction of property, theft, or deceit.[4] One-half of children with ODD also fulfill the diagnostic criteria for ADHD.[5][6][7]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference AACAP_2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ "Diagnostic Criteria 313.81 (F91.3)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-554-1.
  3. ^ "Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in Children". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  4. ^ Nolen-Hoeksema S (2014). Abnormal Psychology. New York: McGraw Hill. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-07-803538-8.
  5. ^ Golubchik, Pavel, Shalev, Lilach, Tsamir, Dina, Manor, Iris, Weizman, Abraham. "High pretreatment cognitive impulsivity predicts response of oppositional symptoms to methylphenidate in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder/oppositional defiant disorder". International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2019;34(3):138–142. doi:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000252.
  6. ^ Harvey EA, Breaux RP, Lugo-Candelas CI (2016). "Early development of comorbidity between symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)". J Abnorm Psycho l125: 154–167.
  7. ^ Waschbusch DA (2002). A meta-analytic examination of comorbid hyperactive-impulsive-attention problems and conduct problems. Psychol Bull 128:118–150.