Orientia tsutsugamushi

Orientia tsutsugamushi
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Alphaproteobacteria
Order:
Rickettsiales
Family:
Rickettsiaceae
Genus:
Orientia
Species:
O. tsutsugamushi
Binomial name
Orientia tsutsugamushi
(Hayashi, 1920) (Ogata, 1929) Tamura et al., 1995

Orientia tsutsugamushi (from Japanese tsutsuga meaning "illness", and mushi meaning "insect") is a mite-borne bacterium belonging to the family Rickettsiaceae and is responsible for a disease called scrub typhus in humans.[1] It is a natural and an obligate intracellular parasite of mites belonging to the family Trombiculidae.[2][3] With a genome of only 2.0–2.7 Mb, it has the most repeated DNA sequences among bacterial genomes sequenced so far. The disease, scrub typhus, occurs when infected mite larvae accidentally bite humans. This infection can prove fatal if prompt doxycycline therapy is not started.

Orientia tsutsugamushi infection was first reported in Japan by Hakuju Hashimoto in 1810, and to the Western world by Theobald Adrian Palm in 1878. Naosuke Hayashi first described it in 1920, giving the name Theileria tsutsugamushi. Owing to its unique properties, it was renamed Orientia tsutsugamushi in 1995. Unlike other Gram-negative bacteria, it is not easily stained with Gram stain, as its cell wall is devoid of lipophosphoglycan and peptidoglycan. With highly variable membrane protein, a 56-kDa protein, the bacterium can be antigenically classified into many strains (sub-types). The classic strains are Karp (which accounts for about 50% of all infections), Gilliam (25%), Kato (less than 10%), Shimokoshi, Kuroki and Kawasaki.[4] Within each strain, enormous variability further exists.

Orientia tsutsugamushi is naturally maintained in the mite population by transmission from female to its eggs (transovarial transmission), and from the eggs to larvae and then to adults (transtadial transmission). The mite larvae, called chiggers, are natural ectoparasites of rodents. Humans get infected upon accidental contact with infected chiggers. A scar-like scab called eschar is a good indicator of infection, but is not ubiquitous. The bacterium is endemic to the so-called Tsutsugamushi Triangle, a region covering the Russian Far East in the north, Japan in the east, northern Australia in the south, and Afghanistan in the west. One million infections are estimated to occur annually. Antibiotics such as azithromycin and doxycycline are the main prescription drugs; chloramphenicol and tetracyclin are also effective. Diagnosis of the infection is difficult and requires laborious techniques such as Weil–Felix test, rapid immunochromatographic test, immunofluorescence assays, and polymerase chain reaction. There is no vaccine for the infection.

  1. ^ Salje, J.; Kline, K.A. (2017). "Orientia tsutsugamushi: A neglected but fascinating obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen". PLOS Pathogens. 13 (12): e1006657. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006657. PMC 5720522. PMID 29216334.
  2. ^ Watt, G.; Parola, P. (2003). "Scrub typhus and tropical rickettsioses". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 16 (5): 429–436. doi:10.1097/00001432-200310000-00009. PMID 14501995. S2CID 24087729.
  3. ^ Kelly, D.J.; Fuerst, P.A.; Ching, W.M.; Richards, A.L. (2009). "Scrub typhus: the geographic distribution of phenotypic and genotypic variants of Orientia tsutsugamushi". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 48 Suppl (Suppl): S203–S230. doi:10.1086/596576. PMID 19220144.
  4. ^ Yamamoto, S.; Kawabata, N.; Tamura, A.; Urakami, H.; Ohashi, N.; Murata, M.; Yoshida, Y.; Kawamura A, Jr. (1986). "Immunological properties of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Kawasaki strain, isolated from a patient in Kyushu". Microbiology and Immunology. 30 (7): 611–620. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1986.tb02988.x. PMID 3095612. S2CID 2968436.