Ottoman Hungary

Ottoman Hungary Török hódoltság (Hungarian)
1541–1699
Ottoman rule on Hungary at its peak in 1683, including Budin, Egri, Kanije, Temesvar, Uyvar, and Varat eyalets. The semi-independent Principality of Transylvania was an Ottoman vassal state for the majority of the 16th and 17th centuries, the short lived Imre Thököly's Principality of Upper Hungary also became briefly a vassal state due to an anti-Habsburg Protestant uprising between 1682 and 1685.
Common languages	Hungarian
Religion	Roman Catholicism Reformed Church in Hungary Islam
Demonym(s)	Hungarian
Government
Beylerbey, Pasha, Agha, Dey
History
• Ottoman occupation of Buda	1541
• Recapture of Buda	1686
• Treaty of Karlowitz	1699
Today part of	Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Slovakia, Romania

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Ottoman Hungary (Hungarian: Török hódoltság, literally "the Turkish subjugation") refers to the parts of the Kingdom of Hungary that were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from the occupation of Buda in 1541 to the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. The territory was incorporated into the empire, under the name Macaristan.^[1] For most of its duration, Ottoman Hungary covered Southern Transdanubia and almost the entire region of the Great Hungarian Plain.

Since the 1360s, Hungarians confronted with the Ottoman Empire, leading several crusades and campaigns and carrying out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. They bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the empire’s advance. However, from 1490, after the death of King Matthias of Hungary, the royal power declined. In 1521, following the Third Siege of Belgrade, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent captured Belgrade, which was considered as the key and southern gate of the Kingdom of Hungary. The Sultan then launched a further attack against the weakened kingdom, defeating their smaller army at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, with King Louis II of Hungary dying in battle.

Ottoman Hungary was divided for administrative purposes into Eyalets (provinces), which were further divided into Sanjaks. Ownership of much of the land was distributed to Ottoman soldiers and officials with about 20% of the territory being retained by the Ottoman state. As a border territory, much of Ottoman Hungary was heavily fortified with troop garrisons. During the long three-way Hungarian–Habsburg–Ottoman wars the Hungarian population highly decimated.^[2] The wartorn territory became a depopulated area, thus later sizeable Orthodox Southern Slavic speaking population was installed by the Ottoman Porte during the 17th century. The territory became economically under-developed, and it was only a drain on Ottoman resources. Although there was some immigration from other parts of the Empire and some conversions to Islam, the territory was populated by largely Orthodox southern Slavonic speakers. Due to drastic ethnic changes, the Hungarians derisively referred to the region of Ottoman conquest as "Rascia" (Serbia) from that period onward.^[2]. The Ottomans were relatively religiously tolerant which allowed Protestantism to gain traction in the easternmost edges of Ottoman Hungary, also known as the borderslands of Partium, unlike in Royal Hungary where the Habsburgs tried to repress it.

In 1686, Buda was recaptured from the Ottomans, and in 1687, after the Second Battle of Mohács, the Hungarian parliament recognized that the inheritance of the Hungarian crown had passed to the Habsburgs. The imperial armies pushed the Turks out of Hungary relatively quickly and occupied Transylvania as well. Following the defeat of the Ottomans in the Great Turkish War, the Ottomans recognized the loss of the Ottoman Hungary by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. The remaining Ottoman occupied territories (that encompassed the southern border regions of the Kingdom of Hungary), Temeşvar Eyalet, Syrmia and Belgrade, were reconquered by the Habsburgs during the Austro-Turkish War between 1716 and 1718, the cession of these regions was acknowledged by signing of the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718.^[3]