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The Oxhead school (牛頭宗 Niu-t'ou zong) was a short lived tradition of Chinese Chan Buddhism founded by Fa-jung (Niutou Farong, 牛頭法融, 594–657), who was a Dharma heir of the Fourth Patriarch Tao-hsin (580-651).[1] Their main temple was located at Oxhead Mountain (Niu-t'ou shan) in Chiang-su, near modern Nanjing, hence the name. The school thrived throughout the Tang and the early years of the Song dynasty (10th century).[2] The Oxhead lineage was incorporated into the Japanese Tendai sect by Saichō, who had studied under Shunian, who resided at Chanlinsi Temple, whereas the main Oxhead lineage died out after eight generations.[3][4]
According to John R. McRae, the original text of an influential Zen work called the Platform Sutra may have originated within the Oxhead school.[5] Another text associated with this school is the Treatise on the Transcendence of Cognition (Chüeh-kuan lun 絶觀論). This text is a dialogue between two hypothetical characters, Professor Enlightenment and the student Conditionality.[6]
Regarding their teachings, according to McRae, they were
"fundamentally in agreement with those of the Northern School on the subjects of mental contemplation and the necessity of constant practice, and both schools were known for their use of contemplative analysis. The major difference between the two schools lay in the Ox-head’s use of a certain logical pattern that included, at one stage, the extensive use of negation. (This distinctive proclivity to negation appears prominently in the mind- verses of the Platform Sutra.)"[7]
- ^ Baroni, Helen J. (2002) The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 251.
- ^ Ferguson, Andy (2011), Zen's Chinese Heritage: The Masters and Their Teachings, Simon and Schuster, p. 38.
- ^ Groner, Paul (2000). Saicho: The Establishment of the Japanese Tendai School, pp. 255-256. University of Hawaii Press.
- ^ Vladimir K. (2005) Legends in Ch’an: the Northern/Southern Schools Split, Hui-neng and the Platform Sutra
- ^ McRae, John R.(1983). The Northern School of Chinese Chan Buddhism. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University.
- ^ McRae, John R. The Antecedents of Encounter Dialogue in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism in: The Koan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism, ed. Steven Heine and ed. Dale S. Wright (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 46-74.
- ^ McRae, John R. (1987) The Northern School and the Formation of Early Ch'an Buddhism (Kuroda Studies in East Asian Buddhism), pp. 241-242.