Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAK4 gene.[5][6][7]
PAK4 is one of six members of the PAK family of serine/threonine kinases which are divided into group I (PAK1, PAK2 and PAK3) and group II (PAK4, PAK6 and PAK5/7).[8][9] PAK4 localizes in sub-cellular domains of the cytoplasm and nucleus.[8][10][11] PAK4 regulates cytoskeleton remodeling, phenotypic signaling and gene expression, and affects directional motility, invasion, metastasis, and growth.[12] Similar to PAK1, PAK4-signaling-dependent cellular functions also regulate both physiologic and disease processes such as cancer, as PAK4 is overexpressed and/or hyperstimulated in human cancer, at-large.[13][14]
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000130669 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000030602 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Abo A, Qu J, Cammarano MS, Dan C, Fritsch A, Baud V, Belisle B, Minden A (November 1998). "PAK4, a novel effector for Cdc42Hs, is implicated in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and in the formation of filopodia". The EMBO Journal. 17 (22): 6527–40. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.22.6527. PMC 1171000. PMID 9822598.
- ^ Bagrodia S, Cerione RA (September 1999). "Pak to the future". Trends in Cell Biology. 9 (9): 350–5. doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(99)01618-9. PMID 10461188.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: PAK4 p21(CDKN1A)-activated kinase 4".
- ^ a b Abo A, Qu J, Cammarano MS, Dan C, Fritsch A, Baud V, Belisle B, Minden A (November 1998). "PAK4, a novel effector for Cdc42Hs, is implicated in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and in the formation of filopodia". The EMBO Journal. 17 (22): 6527–40. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.22.6527. PMC 1171000. PMID 9822598.
- ^ Vadlamudi RK, Kumar R (December 2003). "P21-activated kinases in human cancer". Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 22 (4): 385–93. doi:10.1023/a:1023729130497. PMID 12884913. S2CID 5763102.
- ^ Li Y, Shao Y, Tong Y, Shen T, Zhang J, Li Y, Gu H, Li F (February 2012). "Nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of PAK4 modulates β-catenin intracellular translocation and signaling". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1823 (2): 465–75. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.11.013. PMID 22173096.
- ^ Callow MG, Zozulya S, Gishizky ML, Jallal B, Smeal T (May 2005). "PAK4 mediates morphological changes through the regulation of GEF-H1". Journal of Cell Science. 118 (Pt 9): 1861–72. doi:10.1242/jcs.02313. PMID 15827085.
- ^ Shao YG, Ning K, Li F (January 2016). "Group II p21-activated kinases as therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal cancer". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 22 (3): 1224–35. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1224. PMC 4716033. PMID 26811660.
- ^ Li X, Liu F, Li F (April 2010). "PAK as a therapeutic target in gastric cancer". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets. 14 (4): 419–33. doi:10.1517/14728221003642019. PMID 20146633. S2CID 29910668.
- ^ Kumar R, Li DQ (2016). PAKs in Human Cancer Progression: From Inception to Cancer Therapeutic to Future Oncobiology. Vol. 130. pp. 137–209. doi:10.1016/bs.acr.2016.01.002. ISBN 978-0-12-804789-7. PMID 27037753.
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