PARC Universal Packet

Internet history timeline

Early research and development:

1960–4 (1960–4): RAND networking concepts developed
1962–4 (1962–4): ARPA networking ideas
1965 (1965): NPL network concepts conceived
1966 (1966): Merit Network founded
1967 (1967): ARPANET planning begins
1967 (1967): Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
1969 (1969): NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets
1970 (1970): Network Information Center (NIC)
1971 (1971): Tymnet switched-circuit network
1972 (1972): Merit Network's packet-switched network operational
1972 (1972): Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established
1973 (1973): CYCLADES network demonstrated
1973 (1973): PARC Universal Packet development begins
1974 (1974): Transmission Control Program specification published
1975 (1975): Telenet commercial packet-switched network
1976 (1976): X.25 protocol approved and deployed on public data networks
1978 (1978): Minitel introduced
1979 (1979): Internet Activities Board (IAB)
1980 (1980): USENET news using UUCP
1980 (1980): Ethernet standard introduced
1981 (1981): BITNET established

Merging the networks and creating the Internet:

1981 (1981): Computer Science Network (CSNET)
1982 (1982): TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
1982 (1982): Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
1983 (1983): Domain Name System (DNS)
1983 (1983): MILNET split off from ARPANET
1984 (1984): OSI Reference Model released
1985 (1985): First .COM domain name registered
1986 (1986): NSFNET with 56 kbit/s links
1986 (1986): Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1987 (1987): UUNET founded
1988 (1988): NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)
1988 (1988): Morris worm
1988 (1988): Complete Internet protocol suite
1989 (1989): Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
1989 (1989): PSINet founded, allows commercial traffic
1989 (1989): Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)
1990 (1990): GOSIP (without TCP/IP)
1990 (1990): ARPANET decommissioned
1990 (1990): Advanced Network and Services (ANS)
1990 (1990): UUNET/Alternet allows commercial traffic
1990 (1990): Archie search engine
1991 (1991): Wide area information server (WAIS)
1991 (1991): Gopher
1991 (1991): Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)
1991 (1991): ANS CO+RE allows commercial traffic
1991 (1991): World Wide Web (WWW)
1992 (1992): NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)
1992 (1992): Internet Society (ISOC) established
1993 (1993): Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
1993 (1993): InterNIC established
1993 (1993): AOL added USENET access
1993 (1993): Mosaic web browser released
1994 (1994): Full text web search engines
1994 (1994): North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) established

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

1995 (1995): New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs
1995 (1995): NSFNET decommissioned
1995 (1995): GOSIP updated to allow TCP/IP
1995 (1995): very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)
1995 (1995): IPv6 proposed
1996 (1996): AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly
1998 (1998): Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
1999 (1999): IEEE 802.11b wireless networking
1999 (1999): Internet2/Abilene Network
1999 (1999): vBNS+ allows broader access
2000 (2000): Dot-com bubble bursts
2001 (2001): New top-level domain names activated
2001 (2001): Code Red I, Code Red II, and Nimda worms
2003 (2003): UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I

2003 (2003): National LambdaRail founded
2004 (2004): UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)
2005 (2005): UN WSIS phase II
2006 (2006): First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum
2010 (2010): First internationalized country code top-level domains registered
2012 (2012): ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names
2013 (2013): Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
2014 (2014): NetMundial international Internet governance proposal
2016 (2016): ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st

Examples of Internet services:

1989 (1989): AOL dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser
1990 (1990): IMDb Internet movie database
1994 (1994): Yahoo! web directory
1995 (1995): Amazon online retailer
1995 (1995): eBay online auction and shopping
1995 (1995): Craigslist classified advertisements
1995 (1995): AltaVista search engine
1996 (1996): Outlook (formerly Hotmail) free web-based e-mail
1996 (1996): RankDex search engine
1997 (1997): Google Search
1997 (1997): Babel Fish automatic translation
1998 (1998): Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)
1998 (1998): PayPal Internet payment system
1998 (1998): Rotten Tomatoes review aggregator
1999 (1999): 2ch Anonymous textboard
1999 (1999): i-mode mobile internet service
1999 (1999): Napster peer-to-peer file sharing
2000 (2000): Baidu search engine
2001 (2001): 2chan Anonymous imageboard
2001 (2001): BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing
2001 (2001): Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2003 (2003): LinkedIn business networking
2003 (2003): Myspace social networking site
2003 (2003): Skype Internet voice calls
2003 (2003): iTunes Store
2003 (2003): 4chan Anonymous imageboard
2003 (2003): The Pirate Bay, torrent file host
2004 (2004): Facebook social networking site
2004 (2004): Podcast media file series
2004 (2004): Flickr image hosting
2005 (2005): YouTube video sharing
2005 (2005): Reddit link voting
2005 (2005): Google Earth virtual globe
2006 (2006): Twitter microblogging
2007 (2007): WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks
2007 (2007): Google Street View
2007 (2007): Kindle, e-reader and virtual bookshop
2008 (2008): Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
2008 (2008): Dropbox cloud-based file hosting
2008 (2008): Encyclopedia of Life, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species
2008 (2008): Spotify, a DRM-based music streaming service
2009 (2009): Bing search engine
2009 (2009): Google Docs, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service
2009 (2009): Kickstarter, a threshold pledge system
2009 (2009): Bitcoin, a digital currency
2010 (2010): Instagram, photo sharing and social networking
2011 (2011): Google+, social networking
2011 (2011): Snapchat, photo sharing
2012 (2012): Coursera, massive open online courses
2016 (2016): TikTok, video sharing and social networking

The PARC Universal Packet (PUP or PuP, although the original documents usually use Pup) was one of the two earliest internetworking protocol suites; it was created by researchers at Xerox PARC in the mid-1970s. (Technically, the name PUP only refers to the internetwork-level protocol, but it is also applied to the whole protocol suite.) The entire suite provided routing and packet delivery, as well as higher-level functions such as a reliable byte stream, along with numerous applications.