PD-1 inhibitors and PD-L1 inhibitors are a group of checkpoint inhibitor anticancer drugs that block the activity of PD-1 and PDL1 immune checkpoint proteins present on the surface of cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are emerging as a front-line treatment for several types of cancer.[1]
PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors act to inhibit the association of the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) with its receptor, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). The interaction of these cell surface proteins is involved in the suppression of the immune system and occurs following infection to limit the killing of bystander host cells and prevent autoimmune disease.[2] This immune checkpoint is also active in pregnancy,[3] following tissue allografts,[4] and in different types of cancer.[5]
| Name | Target | Approved |
|---|---|---|
| Nivolumab | PD-1 | 2014 |
| Pembrolizumab | PD-1 | 2014 |
| Atezolizumab | PD-L1 | 2016 |
| Avelumab | PD-L1 | 2017 |
| Durvalumab | PD-L1 | 2017 |
| Cemiplimab | PD-1 | 2018 |
| Dostarlimab | PD-1 | 2021 |
| Retifanlimab | PD-1 | 2023 |
| Toripalimab | PD-1 | 2023 |
- ^ Alsaab HO, Sau S, Alzhrani R, Tatiparti K, Bhise K, Kashaw SK, Iyer AK (23 August 2017). "PD-1 and PD-L1 Checkpoint Signaling Inhibition for Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanism, Combinations, and Clinical Outcome". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8: 561. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00561. PMC 5572324. PMID 28878676.
- ^ Francisco LM, Sage PT, Sharpe AH (July 2010). "The PD-1 pathway in tolerance and autoimmunity". Immunological Reviews. 236: 219–42. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00923.x. PMC 2919275. PMID 20636820.
- ^ Zhang YH, Tian M, Tang MX, Liu ZZ, Liao AH (September 2015). "Recent Insight into the Role of the PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway in Feto-Maternal Tolerance and Pregnancy". American Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 74 (3): 201–8. doi:10.1111/aji.12365. PMID 25640631. S2CID 206987352.
- ^ Tanaka K, Albin MJ, Yuan X, Yamaura K, Habicht A, Murayama T, et al. (October 2007). "PDL1 is required for peripheral transplantation tolerance and protection from chronic allograft rejection". Journal of Immunology. 179 (8): 5204–10. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5204. PMC 2291549. PMID 17911605.
- ^ Sunshine J, Taube JM (August 2015). "PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 23: 32–8. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2015.05.011. PMC 4516625. PMID 26047524.