PIC microcontrollers

Not to be confused with programmable interrupt controllers, also known as PICs.
Not to be confused with Photonic integrated circuits.
PIC microcontrollers in DIP and QFN packages
16-bit 28-pin PDIP PIC24 microcontroller next to a metric ruler
Die of a PIC12C508 8-bit, fully static, EEPROM/EPROM/ROM-based CMOS microcontroller manufactured by Microchip Technology using a 1200 nanometre process
Die of a PIC16C505 CMOS ROM-based 8-bit microcontroller manufactured by Microchip Technology using a 1200 nanometre process

PIC (usually pronounced as /pɪk/) is a family of microcontrollers made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640[1][2] originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to Peripheral Interface Controller,[3] and is currently expanded as Programmable Intelligent Computer.[4] The first parts of the family were available in 1976; by 2013 the company had shipped more than twelve billion individual parts, used in a wide variety of embedded systems.[5]

The PIC was originally designed as a peripheral for the General Instrument CP1600, the first commercially available single-chip 16-bit microprocessor. To limit the number of pins required, the CP1600 had a complex highly-multiplexed bus which was difficult to interface with, so in addition to a variety of special-purpose peripherals, General Instrument made the programmable PIC1640 as an all-purpose peripheral. With its own small RAM, ROM and a simple CPU for controlling the transfers, it could connect the CP1600 bus to virtually any existing 8-bit peripheral. While this offered considerable power, GI's marketing was limited and the CP1600 was not a success. However, GI had also made the PIC1650, a standalone PIC1640 with additional general-purpose I/O in place of the CP1600 interface. When the company spun off their chip division to form Microchip in 1985, sales of the CP1600 were all but dead, but the PIC1650 and successors had formed a major market of their own, and they became one of the new company's primary products.[6]

Early models only had mask ROM for code storage, but with its spinoff it was soon upgraded to use EPROM and then EEPROM, which made it possible for end-users to program the devices in their own facilities. All current models use flash memory for program storage, and newer models allow the PIC to reprogram itself. Since then the line has seen significant change; memory is now available in 8-bit, 16-bit, and, in latest models, 32-bit wide. Program instructions vary in bit-count by family of PIC, and may be 12, 14, 16, or 24 bits long. The instruction set also varies by model, with more powerful chips adding instructions for digital signal processing functions. The hardware implementations of PIC devices range from 6-pin SMD, 8-pin DIP chips up to 144-pin SMD chips, with discrete I/O pins, ADC and DAC modules, and communications ports such as UART, I2C, CAN, and even USB. Low-power and high-speed variations exist for many types.

The manufacturer supplies computer software for development known as MPLAB X, assemblers and C/C++ compilers, and programmer/debugger hardware under the MPLAB and PICKit series. Third party and some open-source tools are also available. Some parts have in-circuit programming capability; low-cost development programmers are available as well as high-volume production programmers.

PIC devices are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, an extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, serial programming, and re-programmable flash-memory capability.

  1. ^ PIC1650A 8 Bit Microcomputer (PDF) (Datasheet). General Instrument Corp. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
  2. ^ "PIC16F seminar presentation: History of the Baseline family of Products" (PDF). p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
  3. ^ "MOS DATA 1976", General Instrument 1976 Databook
  4. ^ "1977 Data Catalog: Microelectronics" (PDF). General Instrument Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference 12bil was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Leibson2023 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).