Pachacuti

Pachacuti
Pachacuti, mid–18th century painting, anonymous.
Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire
Reign1438–1471 (Rowe)
PredecessorViracocha
SuccessorTúpac Inca Yupanqui
BornCusi Inca Yupanqui,
1418[1] (Bilingual Review)
Cusicancha Palace, Cusco, Inca Empire, modern-day Peru
Died1471 (Rowe)
Patallacta Palace, Cusco, Inca Empire, modern-day Peru
ConsortMama Anawarkhi or Quya Anawarkhi
IssueTupac Yupanqui, Amaru Topa Inca, Mama Ocllo Coya
Names
Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui
QuechuaPachakutiy Inka Yupanki
SpanishPachacútec/Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui
Lineage (panaka)Iñaca Panaka, later Hatun Ayllu
DynastyHanan Qusqu, moiety
FatherViracocha Inca
MotherMama Runtu
Depiction of Pachacuti worshipping Inti (god Sun) at Coricancha, in the 17th century second chronicles of Martín de Murúa.
Part of the ruins of Pachacuti's palace in Cusco.

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, also called Pachacútec (Quechua: Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki), was the ninth Sapa Inca of the Chiefdom of Cusco, which he transformed into the Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu). Most archaeologists now believe that the famous Inca site of Machu Picchu was built as an estate for Pachacuti.[2]

In Quechua, the cosmogonical concept of Pachakutiy means 'the turn of the world'[3] and Yupanki could mean 'honorable lord'.[4] During his reign, Cusco grew from a hamlet into an empire that could compete with, and eventually overtake, the Chimú empire on the northern coast. He began an era of conquest that, within three generations, expanded the Inca dominion from the valley of Cusco to a sizeable part of western South America. According to the Inca chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega, Pachacuti created the Inti Raymi to celebrate the new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere.[5] Pachacuti is often linked to the origin and expansion of the Inti Sun Cult.[6][7]

Accessing power following the Inca-Chanka war, Pachacuti conquered territories around Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopó in the south, parts of the eastern slopes of the Andes Mountains near the Amazon rainforest in the east, lands up to the Quito basin in the north, and lands from Tumbes to possibly the coastal regions from Nazca and Camaná to Tarapacá.[8] These conquests were achieved with the help of many military commanders, and they initiated Inca imperial expansion in the Andes.

Pachacuti is considered by some anthropologists to be the first historical emperor of the Incas,[9] and by others to be a mythological and cosmological representation of the beginning of the era of Inca imperial expansion.[10]

  1. ^ "The Life of Pachacuti Inca Yupangui". Bilingual Review, Bilingual Review Press, 1 May 2001
  2. ^ Rowe, John, 1990. "Machu Picchu a la luz de documentos de siglo XVI". Historia 16 (1): 139–154, Lima.
  3. ^ Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2008). Voces del Ande : ensayos sobre onomástica andina. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. doi:10.18800/9789972428562. ISBN 978-9972-42-856-2.
  4. ^ Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2013), Las lenguas de los incas: el puquina, el aimara y el quechua, Peter Lang, doi:10.3726/978-3-653-02485-2/1, retrieved 1 April 2024
  5. ^ "Inti Raymi, The Celebration of the Sun". Discover Peru, www.discover-peru.org/inti-raymi/.
  6. ^ Steele & Allen 2004, p. 246.
  7. ^ D'Altroy 2003, p. 147.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference :10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Shimadi, Izumi, ed. (2015). The Inka Empire: A multidisciplinary approach. University of Texas Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-292-76079-0.
  10. ^ Garcia, Franck (2019). Les incas (in French). Paris: Éditions Ellipses. pp. 145–152. ISBN 978-2-340-03941-4.