Paleopolyploidy

Overview of paleopolyploidy process. Many higher eukaryotes were paleopolyploids at some point during their evolutionary history.

[1]Paleopolyploidy is the result of genome duplications which occurred at least several million years ago (MYA). Such an event could either double the genome of a single species (autopolyploidy) or combine those of two species (allopolyploidy). Because of functional redundancy, genes are rapidly silenced or lost from the duplicated genomes. Most paleopolyploids, through evolutionary time, have lost their polyploid status through a process called diploidization, and are currently considered diploids, e.g., baker's yeast,[2] Arabidopsis thaliana,[3] and perhaps humans.[4][5][6][7]

Paleopolyploidy is extensively studied in plant lineages. It has been found that almost all flowering plants have undergone at least one round of genome duplication at some point during their evolutionary history. Ancient genome duplications are also found in the early ancestor of vertebrates (which includes the human lineage) near the origin of the bony fishes, and another in the stem lineage of teleost fishes.[8] Evidence suggests that baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which has a compact genome, experienced polyploidization during its evolutionary history.

The term mesopolyploid is sometimes used for species that have undergone whole genome multiplication events (whole genome duplication, whole genome triplification, etc.) in more recent history, such as within the last 17 million years.[9]

  1. ^ Garsmeur, Olivier; Schnable, James C; Almeida, Ana; Jourda, Cyril; D’Hont, Angélique; Freeling, Michael (February 1, 2014). "Two evolutionarily distinct classes of paleopolyploidy". Oxford Academic. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  2. ^ Kellis M, Birren BW, Lander ES (April 2004). "Proof and evolutionary analysis of ancient genome duplication in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Nature. 428 (6983): 617–24. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..617K. doi:10.1038/nature02424. PMID 15004568. S2CID 4422074.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference bowers was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Smith JJ, Kuraku S, Holt C, Sauka-Spengler T, Jiang N, Campbell MS, et al. (April 2013). "Sequencing of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) genome provides insights into vertebrate evolution". Nature Genetics. 45 (4): 415–21, 421e1-2. doi:10.1038/ng.2568. PMC 3709584. PMID 23435085.
  5. ^ Wolfe KH (May 2001). "Yesterday's polyploids and the mystery of diploidization". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 2 (5): 333–41. doi:10.1038/35072009. PMID 11331899. S2CID 20796914.
  6. ^ Blanc G, Wolfe KH (July 2004). "Widespread paleopolyploidy in model plant species inferred from age distributions of duplicate genes". The Plant Cell. 16 (7): 1667–78. doi:10.1105/tpc.021345. PMC 514152. PMID 15208399.
  7. ^ Blanc G, Wolfe KH (July 2004). "Functional divergence of duplicated genes formed by polyploidy during Arabidopsis evolution". The Plant Cell. 16 (7): 1679–91. doi:10.1105/tpc.021410. PMC 514153. PMID 15208398.
  8. ^ Clarke JT, Lloyd GT, Friedman M (October 2016). "Little evidence for enhanced phenotypic evolution in early teleosts relative to their living fossil sister group". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113 (41): 11531–11536. Bibcode:2016PNAS..11311531C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1607237113. PMC 5068283. PMID 27671652.
  9. ^ Wang X, Wang H, Wang J, Sun R, Wu J, Liu S, et al. (August 2011). "The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa". Nature Genetics. 43 (10): 1035–9. doi:10.1038/ng.919. PMID 21873998. S2CID 205358099.