Flag using the Pan-African colours
The Pan-African flag (also known as the Afro-American flag, Black Liberation flag, UNIA flag, and various other names) is an ethnic flag representing pan-Africanism, the African diaspora, and/or black nationalism.[1][2][3] A tri-color flag, it consists of three equal horizontal bands of (from top down) red, black, and green.[4]
The flag was created as a response to racism against African Americans in 1920 with the help of Marcus Garvey.[5] The Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) formally adopted it on August 13, 1920, in Article 39 of the Declaration of the Rights of the Negro Peoples of the World, during its month-long convention at Madison Square Garden in New York City.[6][7] Variations of the flag can and have been used in various countries and territories in the Americas to represent Garveyist ideologies.
- ^ "Behind the Pan-African UNIA flag". www.icaew.com. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
- ^ "Pan-African Flag | Black Student Center | CSUSM". www.csusm.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
- ^ Shelby, Tommie (2003). "Two Conceptions of Black Nationalism: Martin Delany on the Meaning of Black Political Solidarity". Political Theory. 31 (5): 664–692. doi:10.1177/0090591703252826. ISSN 0090-5917.
- ^ Donnella, Leah (June 14, 2017). "On Flag Day, Remembering The Red, Black And Green". NPR. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ^ "Behind the Pan African UNIA flag".
- ^ "25,000 NEGROES CONVENE :International Gathering Will Prepare Own Bill of Rights". The New York Times. August 2, 1920. Retrieved October 5, 2007 – via ProQuest.
- ^ "NEGROES ADOPT BILL OF RIGHTS: Convention Approves Plan for African Republic and Sets to Work on Preparation of Constitution of the Colored Race Negro Complaints Aggression Condemned Recognition Demanded". Christian Science Monitor. August 17, 1920. Retrieved October 5, 2007 – via ProQuest..
