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In statistics and econometrics, panel data and longitudinal data[1][2] are both multi-dimensional data involving measurements over time. Panel data is a subset of longitudinal data where observations are for the same subjects each time.
Time series and cross-sectional data can be thought of as special cases of panel data that are in one dimension only (one panel member or individual for the former, one time point for the latter). A literature search often involves time series, cross-sectional, or panel data. Cross-panel data (CPD) is an innovative yet underappreciated source of information in the mathematical and statistical sciences. CPD stands out from other research methods because it vividly illustrates how independent and dependent variables may shift between countries. This panel data collection allows researchers to examine the connection between variables across several cross-sections and time periods and analyze the results of policy actions in other nations.[3]
A study that uses panel data is called a longitudinal study or panel study.
- ^ Diggle, Peter J.; Heagerty, Patrick; Liang, Kung-Yee; Zeger, Scott L. (2002). Analysis of Longitudinal Data (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-19-852484-6.
- ^ Fitzmaurice, Garrett M.; Laird, Nan M.; Ware, James H. (2004). Applied Longitudinal Analysis. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 2. ISBN 0-471-21487-6.
- ^ Zaman, Khalid (2023-01-24). "A Note on Cross-Panel Data Techniques". Latest Developments in Econometrics. 1 (1): 1–7. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7565625.