Pathogenicity island

Pathogenicity islands (PAIs), as termed in 1990, are a distinct class of genomic islands acquired by microorganisms through horizontal gene transfer.[1][2] Pathogenicity islands are found in both animal and plant pathogens.[2] Additionally, PAIs are found in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.[2] They are transferred through horizontal gene transfer events such as transfer by a plasmid, phage, or conjugative transposon.[3] Therefore, PAIs enables microorganisms to induce disease and also contribute to microorganisms' ability to evolve.

One species of bacteria may have more than one PAI. For example, Salmonella has at least five.[citation needed]

An analogous genomic structure in rhizobia is termed a symbiosis island.

  1. ^ Hacker, J; Bender, L; Ott, M; et al. (1990). "Deletions of chro- mosomal regions coding for fimbriae and hemolysins occur in vivo and in vitro in various extraintestinal Escherichia coli iso- lates". Microb. Pathog. 8 (3): 213–25. doi:10.1016/0882-4010(90)90048-U. PMID 1974320.
  2. ^ a b c Hacker, J; Kaper, JB (2000). "Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes". Annu Rev Microbiol. 54: 641–679. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.641. PMID 11018140. S2CID 1945976.
  3. ^ Hacker, J.; Blum-Oehler, G.; Muhldorfer, I.; Tschape, H. (1997). "Pathogenecity islands of virulent bacteria: structure, function and impact on microbial evolution". Molecular Microbiology. 23 (6): 1089–1097. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.3101672.x. PMID 9106201. S2CID 27524815.