Perak

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Perak Peghok
State
Perak Darul Ridzuan ڤيراق دار الرضوان‎
Other transcription(s)
• Jawi	ڤيراق‎
• Chinese	霹雳 (Simplified) 霹靂 (Traditional) Pīlì (Hanyu Pinyin)
• Tamil	பேராக் Pērāk (Transliteration)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto(s):  Perak Aman Jaya Perak Peaceful Glorious
Anthem: Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan God Lengthen the Sultan's Age
Perak in    Malaysia
OpenStreetMap
Coordinates: 4°45′N 101°0′E / 4.750°N 101.000°E / 4.750; 101.000
Country	Malaysia
Established the Sultanate	1528
Pangkor Treaty	1874
Federated into FMS	1895
Japanese occupation	1942
Accession into the Federation of Malaya	1948
Independence as part of the Federation of Malaya	31 August 1957
Capital (and largest city)	Ipoh
Royal capital	Kuala Kangsar
Government
• Type	Parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Sultan	Nazrin Shah
• Menteri Besar	Saarani Mohamad (BN–UMNO)
• Leader of the Opposition	Razman Zakaria (PN-PAS)
Area [1]
• Total	20,976 km2 (8,099 sq mi)
Highest elevation (Mount Korbu)	2,183 m (7,162 ft)
Population  (2018)[1]
• Total	2,500,000 (5th)
Demonym	Perakian
Demographics (2010)[2]
• Ethnic composition	Bumiputera 57.1% Chinese 29% Indian 11% Other 2.9%
• Languages	Perak Malay • Kedah Malay • Reman Malay • Semai • Temiar Other ethnic minority languages
Time zone	UTC+8 (MST[3])
Postal code	30xxx[4] to 36xxx[5]
Calling code	033 to 058[6]
ISO 3166 code	MY-08, 36–39[7]
Vehicle registration	A[8]
HDI (2022)	0.791[9] high · 11th
GDP (nominal)	2022
• Total	$21.161 billion (RM 93.112 billion)[10] (7th)
• Per capita	$8,391 (RM 36,924)[10] (10th)
GDP (PPP)	2022
• Total	$50.768 billion (7th)
• Per capita	$23,370 (10th)
Website	Official website

Perak (Malay pronunciation: [peraʔ]; Perak Malay: Peghok; Jawi: ڤيراق‎) is a state of Malaysia on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, and Selangor to the south. Thailand's Yala and Narathiwat provinces both lie to the northeast. Perak's capital city, Ipoh, was known historically for its tin-mining activities until the price of the metal dropped, severely affecting the state's economy. The royal capital remains Kuala Kangsar, where the palace of the Sultan of Perak is located. As of 2018, the state's population was 2,500,000. Perak has diverse tropical rainforests and an equatorial climate. The state's main mountain ranges are composed of the Titiwangsa, Bintang and Keledang Ranges, where all of them are part of the larger Tenasserim Hills system that connects Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia.

The discovery of an ancient skeleton in Perak revealed missing information on the migration of Homo sapiens from mainland Asia through Southeast Asia to the Australian continent. Known as Perak Man, the skeleton is dated at around 10,000 years old. An early Hindu or Buddhist kingdom, followed by several other minor kingdoms, existed before the arrival of Islam. By 1528, a Muslim sultanate began to emerge in Perak, out of the remnants of the Malaccan Sultanate. Although able to resist Siamese occupation for more than two hundred years, the sultanate was partly controlled by the Sumatra-based Aceh Sultanate. This was particularly the case after the Aceh lineage took over the royal succession. With the arrival of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), and the VOC's increasing conflicts with Aceh, Perak began to distance itself from Acehnese control. The presence of the English East India Company (EIC) in the nearby Straits Settlements of Penang provided additional protection for the state, with further Siamese attempts to conquer Perak thwarted by British expeditionary forces.

The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was signed to prevent further conflict between the British and the Dutch. It enabled the British to expand their control in the Malay Peninsula without interference from other foreign powers. The 1874 Pangkor Treaty provided for direct British intervention, with Perak appointing a British Resident. Following Perak's subsequent absorption into the Federated Malay States (FMS), the British reformed administration of the sultanate through a new style of government, actively promoting a market-driven economy and maintaining law and order while combatting the slavery widely practised across Perak at the time. The three-year Japanese occupation in World War II halted further progress. After the war, Perak became part of the temporary Malayan Union, before being absorbed into the Federation of Malaya. It gained full independence through the Federation, which subsequently became Malaysia on 16 September 1963.

Perak is ethnically, culturally and linguistically diverse. The state is known for several traditional dances: bubu, dabus, and labu sayong, the latter name also referring to Perak's unique traditional pottery. The head of state is the Sultan of Perak, and the head of government is the Menteri Besar. Government is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system, with the state administration divided into administrative districts. Islam is the state religion, and other religions may be practised freely. Malay and English are recognised as the official languages of Perak. The economy is mainly based on services and manufacturing.