Peramangk

This article is about the Indigenous Australian people. For the language, see Peramangk language.

Peramangk people
aka: Peramarma, Tanganekald, Mereldi, Merildakald, Marimejuna, Wangarainbula, Mount Barker tribe, Ngurlinjeri, Tarrawatta (Tindale)[1]
Approximate extent of historical Peramangk territory, as described by Tindale (1940)
Approximate location of the Peramangk territory, according to Tindale.
Hierarchy
Language family:Pama–Nyungan
Language branch:Yura-Thura
Language group:Peramangk
Group dialects:Dharuk, Gamaraygal, Iora
Area (approx. 1,100 square kilometres (420 sq mi))
Bioregion:Adelaide Hills, Fleurieu Peninsula
Location:Adelaide Hills and Fleurieu Peninsula South Australia, Australia
Coordinates:34°55′S 138°55′E / 34.917°S 138.917°E / -34.917; 138.917[1]
Mountains:Southern Mount Lofty Ranges, Barossa Ranges
Rivers:Includes but not limited to - Marne River, North Para River, South Para River, North Rhine River - Uppermost reaches of the Sturt River - Upper and middle reaches of: Onkaparinga River, Myponga River, Reedy Creek, River Torrens, River Angas, Finniss River, Bremer River, Mt Barker Creek, and their tributaries; along with many other Adelaide Hills creeks such as Tookayerta Creek, Meadows Creek and Blackfellows Creek in the south up to Duckponds Creek in the north.
Notable individuals
Parruwonga-burka, Monarta.[2]

The Peramangk are an Aboriginal Australian people whose lands traditionally comprise the Adelaide Hills, as well as lands to the west of the Murray River in mid Murraylands and through to the northern part of the Fleurieu Peninsula in the Australian state of South Australia.

A particular group of Peramangk were sometimes referred to by settlers as the Mount Barker tribe, as their numbers were noted to be great around the Mount Barker summit,[3] meanwhile Peramangk country also extends from the Angaston district and the Barossa Range in the north, south to Myponga, east to Mannum and west to the Mount Lofty Ranges.

Colonial reports of the mid 1800s, as well as modern research, describe varying degrees of respect, intermarriage, trade and competition between the tribes of the Adelaide region,[1][4] being the Kaurna, Ngarrindjeri, Ngadjuri, Peramangk and others. While each tribe had differing cultural practices, they often met on Peramangk land or through Peramangk facilitation.[5][6] Conflicts between indigenous tribes may have been exacerbated by the upheaval of European arrival.

After the European settlement of the Adelaide Hills, it is often stated that Aboriginal South Australians including people of Peramangk heritage were forced into missions set up by church and government organisations,[7][8] as were many of the Kaurna and other neighbouring tribes. Many Peramangk may have integrated with the Kaurna, Ngarrindjeri, Nganguruku or other tribes, although relocation from traditional lands was not universal. In recent decades, there have been moves to identify Peramangk descendants through genealogy and through outreach to those who identify as Peramangk.[9][10][11][12][13] Adelaide Hills schools, churches and local councils hold frequent welcome to country ceremonies hosted by Peramangk elders and artists.

  1. ^ a b c Tindale, Norman (1974). "Peramangk (SA)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia (online extract). South Australian Museum. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  2. ^ "Peramangk A Social History of the Aboriginal People of the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges (2011)" (PDF). Phasai at Deviantart. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  3. ^ Innes, Bob. "The Peramangk". Retrieved 22 May 2006. [dead link‍]
  4. ^ Coles, Robin; Hunter, Richard (2010), The ochre warriors : Peramangk culture and rock art in the Mount Lofty Ranges / Robin Coles, Richard Hunter, Axiom
  5. ^ Coles, Robin; Hunter, Richard (2010), The ochre warriors : Peramangk culture and rock art in the Mount Lofty Ranges / Robin Coles, Richard Hunter, Axiom
  6. ^ "Peramangk A Social History of the Aboriginal People of the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges (2011)" (PDF). Phasai at Deviantart. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  7. ^ "Peramangk". Visit Adelaide Hills. Adelaide Hills Tourism. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  8. ^ "Aboriginal Missions in South Australia - Libguides at SLSA". State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  9. ^ Nunkuwarrin Yunti (c) 2021. "Linkup - Social and Emotional Wellbeing". Retrieved 27 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Healing Foundation (c) 2021. "'Reunion to Self' journey for Stolen Generations members". Retrieved 27 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ State Records of South Australia - Aboriginal Services (c) 2021. "Indigenous Heritage". Retrieved 27 September 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "Free community event on 25 May 2019 for Family Matters National Week of Action". Department for Child Protection, Government of South Australia. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  13. ^ "Aboriginal Reference Group - State Library of South Australia and State Records call for Expressions of Interest to form Aboriginal Reference Group". State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 30 October 2021.