Peronism

Not to be confused with Personism or Pyrrhonism.
Argentine president Juan Perón and first lady Eva Perón have been the central figures in the Justicialist Party.
Symbols associated with Peronism (from top-left clockwise: Peronist Party emblem, Federal Star, the "V" hand sign and "Perón Vuelve" sign).
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Peronism,[a] also known as justicialism,[b] is an Argentine ideology and movement based on the ideas, doctrine and legacy of Juan Perón (1895–1974).[1][2] It has been an influential movement in 20th- and 21st-century Argentine politics.[2] Since 1946, Peronists have won 10 out of the 14 presidential elections in which they have been allowed to run.[3] Peronism is defined through its three flags, which are: "economic independence" (an economy that does not depend on other countries, by developing its national industry), "social justice" (the fight against socioeconomic inequalities) and "political sovereignty" (the non-interference of foreign powers in domestic affairs). Peronism as an ideology is described as "a brand of populism that sought to deny elites’ and capitalism’s power, empower working class constituents, and help the politically and economically oppressed."[4]

Nationalism is an essential part of Peronism, pushing for a sense of national pride among Argentines.[2] However, it promotes an inclusive form of nationalism that embraces all ethnicities and races as integral parts of the nation, distinguishing it from racial or chauvinistic ethno-nationalism that prioritizes a single ethnic group.[5] This is because of the ethnically heterogeneous background of Argentina, which is a result of the mixing between indigenous peoples, Criollos, the various immigrant groups and their descendants.[6] Likewise, Peronism is generally considered populist, since it needs the figure of a leader (originally occupied by Perón) to lead the masses.[2] Consequently, it adopts a third position in the context of the Cold War and in the economic dichotomy between capitalism and Marxism, expressed in the phrase: "we are neither Yankees nor Marxists".

Peronism has taken both conservative and progressive measures. Among its conservative elements are anti-communist[7] sentiments that were later abandoned,[8] strong patriotism, a militarist approach and the sanction of the law 12,978 on Catholic teaching in public schools,[9] while its progressive measures include the expansion of workers' rights, the adoption of women's suffrage,[10] free tuition for public universities, and a failed attempt to sanction the divorce law after the breakdown of relations with the church.[11][9] Peronism granted the working class a genuine role in government and enacted reforms that eroded the power of the Argentine oligarchy.[12] Peronist reforms also included a constitutional right to housing,[13] ending the oppression of indigenous peoples,[14] adding mandatory trade union representation to regional legislature,[15] freezing retail prices and subsidizing foodstuffs to the workers.[16]

Perón followed what he called a "national form of socialism",[17] which represented the interests of different sectors of Argentine society, and grouped them into multiple organizations: workers were represented by the CGT, Peronist businessmen in the General Economic Confederation, landowners by the Argentine Agrarian Federation, women by the Female Peronist Party, Jews in the Argentine Israelite Organization, students in the Secondary Student Union.[18] Peron was able to coordinate and centralize the working class, which he mobilized to act on his behest. Trade unions have been incorporated into Peronism's structure and remain a key part of the movement today.[19] Also, the state intervened in labor-capital conflicts in favour of the former,[20] with the Ministry of Labour and Social Security being responsible for directly negotiating and enforcing agreements.[21][22]

Perón became Argentina's labour secretary after participating in the 1943 military coup and was elected president of Argentina in 1946.[2][23] He introduced social programs that benefited the working class,[24] supported labor unions and called for additional involvement of the state in the economy.[2] In addition, he supported industrialists in an effort to facilitate harmony between labor and capital.[3] Perón was very popular due to his leadership, and gained even more admiration through his wife Eva, who championed for the rights of migrant workers, the poor, and women, whose suffrage is partially due to Eva's involvement, until her death by cancer in 1952.[25] Due to economic problems and political repression, the military overthrew Perón[26] and banned the Justicialist Party in 1955;[26] it was not until 1973 that open elections were held again in which Perón was re-elected president by 62%.[2] Perón died in the following year, opening the way for his widow and vice president Isabel to succeed the presidency.[2] During the Peronists' second period in office from 1973 to 1976, various social provisions were improved.[27]

Perón's death left an intense power vacuum and the military promptly overthrew Isabel in 1976.[2] Since the return to democracy in 1983, Peronist candidates have won several general elections. The candidate for Peronism, Carlos Menem, was elected in 1989 and served for two consecutive terms until 1999. Menem abandoned the traditional Peronist policies, focusing on the adoption of free-market policies,[2] the privatization of state enterprises,[3] and pro-US foreign policy.[3] In 1999, Fernando De La Rúa would win the presidential elections allied to a large sector of Peronists who denounced Menem. After the De La Rúa administration collapsed in 2001, four interim Peronist leaders took over between 2001 and 2003 due to political turmoil of the Argentine Great Depression. After coming to power in the 2003 Argentine general election, Néstor Kirchner restructured the Justicialist platform and returned to classical left-wing populism of Perón, reverting the movement's detour to free-market capitalism under Carlos Menem.[28] Kirchner served for only one term, while his wife, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, served two (having been elected in 2007 and re-elected in 2011). From 2019 until 2023, Cristina Kirchner was vice president and Alberto Fernández president.[2] As of 2023, Peronists have held the presidency in Argentina for 39 total years.


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ Juan Domingo, Perón (1949). La Comunidad Organizada [The Organized Community]. Argentina.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Peronist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d "The persistence of Peronism". The Economist. 15 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2019-07-18.
  4. ^ Imhoff, Danielle (2015). Breaking the Latin American Glass Ceiling: An Analysis of the Southern Cone Female Presidents’ Paths to Power. p. 17.
  5. ^ Rein, Raanan (2022). "Challenging the Argentine Melting Pot: Peronism, Hispanidad, and Cultural Diversity". Journal of Contemporary History. 57 (3): 691–707. doi:10.1177/00220094211065994. ISSN 0022-0094.
  6. ^ Avena, Sergio; Via, Marc; Ziv, Elad; Pérez-Stable, Eliseo J.; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Dejean, Cristina; Huntsman, Scott; Torres-Mejía, Gabriela; Dutil, Julie; Matta, Jaime L.; Beckman, Kenneth; Burchard, Esteban González; Parolin, María Laura; Goicoechea, Alicia; Acreche, Noemí (2012-04-10). "Heterogeneity in Genetic Admixture across Different Regions of Argentina". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e34695. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734695A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034695. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3323559. PMID 22506044.
  7. ^ Divergencia. "Los usos del discurso anticomunista del peronismo durante el periodo 1951-1955: La infiltración gremial, la cuestión internacional y el conflicto con la Iglesia" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  8. ^ Friedemann, Sergio (March 2014). "El marxismo peronista de Rodolfo Puiggrós: Una aproximación a la izquierda nacional". Documentos de Jóvenes Investigadores (in Spanish) (39). Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones Gino Germani. ISBN 978-987-28642-4-8. En ambas, Perón parecía responder a pedidos de acercamiento a posiciones marxistas, decía estar de acuerdo en que "el marxismo no sólo no está en contradicción con el Movimiento Peronista, sino que lo complementa", y justificaba posiciones sostenidas en el pasado al afirmar que su distancia era con la "ortodoxia" comunista, a la que se ha visto "al lado de la oligarquía o del brazo de Braden". [In both, Perón would respond to calls for rapprochement with Marxist positions, agreeing that ‘Marxism is not only not in contradiction with the Peronist Movement, but complements it’, and justifying his past positions by stating that his distance was from the communist ‘orthodoxy’, which had been seen to be ‘on the side of the oligarchy or Braden's arm’.]
  9. ^ a b Mendoza, Edwan Gabriel Vera; Mendoza, Edwan Gabriel Vera (April 2017). "El Peronismo y la Iglesia Católica (1946-1955): cuando la política se hizo religión Peronism and the Catholic Church (1946-1955): when politics became religion". Artificios: Revista colombiana de estudiantes de historia (7). ISSN 2422-118X.
  10. ^ Hammond, Gregory (6 December 2012). "The Women's Suffrage Movement and Feminism in Argentina from Roca to Perón". The American Historical Review. 117 (5). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. doi:10.1093/ahr/117.5.1641. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  11. ^ "70 años. Gratuidad universitaria y el proyecto nacional". Riberas (in Spanish). 2019-11-22. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  12. ^ Marchak, Patricia; Marchak, William (1999). God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-7735-2013-9.
  13. ^ Goldstein, Emma (2010). Currents of Change: Water, State and Society in Buenos Aires, 1850-2000 (PDF). Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University. p. 81.
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference efe was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ Marchak, Patricia; Marchak, William (1999). God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 59-60. ISBN 0-7735-2013-9.
  16. ^ Schuettinger, Robert L.; Buder, Eamonn F.; Meiselman, David I. (1979). Forty Centuries of Wage and Price Controls: How Not to Fight Inflation. Thornwood, New York: Caroline House Publishers Inc. p. 96. ISBN 0-89195-023-0.
  17. ^ Ostiguy, Pierre (2009). Argentina's Double Political Spectrum: Party System, Political Identities, and Strategies, 1944-2007. Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies. p. 3.
  18. ^ Buchanan, Paul G. (1985). "State Corporatism in Argentina: Labor Administration under Peron and Ongania". Latin American Research Review. 20 (1): 61–95. doi:10.1017/S0023879100034269. ISSN 0023-8791. JSTOR 2503258.
  19. ^ Clohesy, William (1993-01-01). "Argentine Unions, the State and the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945; Argentine Workers: Peronism and Contemporary Class Consciousness". The Latin American Anthropology Review. 5: 30–31. doi:10.1525/jlca.1993.5.1.30.
  20. ^ Miorelli, Romina (2008). "The Discourse on Civil Society in Poverty: Reduction Policy in the Argentina of the 1990s. The neoliberal and populist political project's struggles for hegemony" (PDF). The London School of Economics and Political Science. London: 72. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  21. ^ Wiarda, Howard J. (July 2009). "The Political Sociology of a Concept: Corporatism and the "Distinct Tradition"". The Americas. 66 (1): 81–106. doi:10.1353/tam.0.0155. ISSN 0003-1615. S2CID 146378700.
  22. ^ Buchanan, Paul G. (January 1985). "State Corporatism in Argentina: Labor Administration under Perón and Onganía". Latin American Research Review. 20 (1): 61–95. doi:10.1017/S0023879100034269. ISSN 0023-8791.
  23. ^ Dougherty, Terri (2003). Argentina. Lucent Books. pp. 35. ISBN 978-1-59018-108-9 – via Internet Archive.
  24. ^ Dougherty 2003, p. 36.
  25. ^ Dougherty 2003, p. 37.
  26. ^ a b Dougherty 2003, p. 39.
  27. ^ Power, Alliances, and Redistribution The Politics of Social Protection for Low-Income Earners in Argentina, 1943–2015 By Carl Friedrich Bossert, 2021, P.154-156
  28. ^ Prevost, Gary; Campos, Carlos Oliva; Vanden, Harry E. (2012). Social Movements and Leftist Governments in Latin America: Confrontation or Co-optation?. Zed Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-1780321837.