| Perumal | |
|---|---|
&sq=&lang=&file=File:Murti_of_Perumal_with_Sridevi_and_Bhudevi.jpg) Murti of Perumal (centre) with Sridevi (left) and Bhudevi (right), Tirunelveli | |
| Other names | Govinda, Srinivasa, Narayana, Gopala, Venkateshvara, Vishnu |
| Venerated in | Vaishnavism (Sri Vaishnavism) |
| Abode | 108 Divya Desams, 108 Abhimana Kshethrams and Purana Kshethram of Vishnu. |
| Mantra | Om Namo Narayanaya |
| Symbol | Shanku, Chakram |
| Mount | Garuda and Shesha |
| Texts | Naalayira Divya Prabandham |
| Festivals | Vaikuntha Ekadashi |
| Consorts | Sridevi, Bhudevi, and Niladevi (three aspects of Lakshmi) |
Perumal (Tamil: பெருமாள், romanized: Perumāl)[2] or Thirumal (Tamil: திருமால், romanized: Thirumāl ) is a Hindu deity.[3] Perumal is worshipped mainly among Tamil Hindus in South India and the Tamil diaspora, who consider Perumal to be a form of Vishnu.[4]
Some of the earliest known mentions of Perumal, and the Tamil devotional poems ascribed to him, are found in Paripāṭal – the Sangam era poetic anthology.[5][6] He is a popular Hindu deity particularly among Tamils in Tamil Nadu and the Tamil diaspora, and in Vaishnava temples.[7] One of the richest and largest Hindu temples complexes dedicated to Perumal is the Venkateswara temple in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. Other significant institutions include Srirangam's Ranganathaswamy temple, Kanchipuram's Varadaraja Perumal temple, and Thiruvananthapurum's Padmanabhaswamy Perumal temple.[8]
- ^ The Vaikunta Perumal Temple at Kanchipuram. Prakriti Foundation. 2009. ISBN 9781935677208.
- ^ Ramachandran, Nalini (3 September 2021). Gods, Giants and the Geography of India. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-93-91028-27-5.
- ^ Tieken, Herman (28 December 2021). Kāvya in South India: Old Tamil Caṅkam Poetry. BRILL. p. 186. ISBN 978-90-04-48609-6.
- ^ Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. Ed. by Edward Balfour. [Dr.:] Scottish and Adelphi Press. 1873. p. 532.
- ^ Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL Academic. p. 124. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.
- ^ V.N. Muthukumar; Elizabeth Rani Segran (2012). The River Speaks: The Vaiyai Poems from the Paripatal. Penguin Books. pp. 1–7. ISBN 978-81-8475-694-4.
- ^ Sykes, Egerton (4 February 2014). Who's who in non-classical mythology. Kendall, Alan, 1939– (2nd ed.). London. ISBN 9781136414442. OCLC 872991268.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Michael D. Coogan (1998). The Illustrated Guide to World Religions. Oxford University Press. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-0-19-521997-5.