Peruvian Internal Conflict

Peruvian Internal Conflict
Part of the Cold War (1980–1991) and the War on Drugs (1980–present)
Areas where Shining Path was active in Peru
Date Main phase: 17 May 1980 – December 2000[19][20][note 2] Low-level activity: 22 June 2002 – present[21] Location Peru Result First phase: Peruvian government and Anti-Communist victory Fall and dissolution of the MRTA in the Operation Chavín de Huántar. Fall and dissolution of Shining Path in the Captura del Siglo XX. Exile of communist militants abroad. Capture of Abimael Guzmán and Víctor Polay. Strong weakening of subversive communist groups. Second phase: Ongoing Resignation, arrest, and trial of Alberto Fujimori. Creation and rise of the MPCP. Death of Abimael Guzmán in prison. Territorial changes Successful control of 98% of Peruvian territory by the Government of Peru.
Belligerents
Peru  Peruvian Armed Forces National Intelligence Service State-affiliated paramilitaries: Rondas campesinas Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru Franco Command (1985–1990) Grupo Colina (1990–1999) Supported by:  Colombia[1]  North Korea[2]  Russia[3]  Spain[4]  United States[5]	Shining Path People's Guerrilla Army Supported by: MOVADEF FUDEPP[6]  Hezbollah[7] ICL Abu Nidal Organization[8] (until 2002) RIM[9] (until 2012) Libya (until 2011)[10] MPCP[note 1] Supported by:  China (claimed by MPCP) ASPRET (until 2022)[citation needed] Red Mantaro Base Committee FARC-EP in Peru Supported by: FARC dissidents[12] ASPRET Ethnocacerist Movement Supported by:  Hezbollah[13][14] MPCP (until 2022)[citation needed] Huallaga faction (1999–2012) MRTA (1982–1997) Supported by: 19th of April Movement[15] FMLN[16] FSLN[17][18]  Cuba[18] (alleged, denied by Cuba) Libya[18]  Soviet Union[18] (until 1991)
Commanders and leaders
Main phase: Fernando Belaúnde (1980–1985) Alan García (1985–1990) Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000) Valentín Paniagua (2000–2001) Low-level resurgence: Alejandro Toledo (2001–2006) Alan García (2006–2011) Ollanta Humala (2011–2016) Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016–2018) Martín Vizcarra (2018–2020) Manuel Merino (2020) Francisco Sagasti (2020–2021) Pedro Castillo (2021–2022) Dina Boluarte (2022–present)	Chairman Gonzalo (POW) (until 1992) Comrade Feliciano (POW) (until 1999) Comrade Artemio (POW) (until 2012) Comrade Alipio † (until 2013) Comrade José[22] Víctor Polay Campos (POW) (1982–1992) Néstor Cerpa Cartolini † (1982–1997)
Strength
30,000-50,000 men	20,000-80,000 militants[23]
Casualties and losses
3,000 killed	50,000 executed 20,000 captured 20,000 exiled
Total civilians casualties: 50,000-70,000 civilans casualties[24][25][26] 3,000,000 civilians displaced

Part of a series on the
History of Peru
By chronology Pre-Columbian Peru 12000 BCE–1532 Ancient civilizations 3500 BCE–1470 Inca Empire 1438–1533/1572 Spanish conquest 1532–1572 Viceroyalty 1542–1824 War of Independence 1809–1826 Foundational Period 1821–1842 Protectorate of Peru 1821–1822 Supreme Governing Junta 1822–1823 Confederation and War 1836–1839 Restoration 1839–1841 Military Anarchy 1841–1845 Guano Era 1845–1866 Chincha Islands War 1865–1879 War of the Pacific 1879–1883 Occupation of Peru 1879–1883 Occupation of Lima 1881–1883 Peruvian Resistance 1881–1883 National Reconstruction 1884–1895 Aristocratic Republic 1895–1919 New Motherland 1919–1930 Ecuadorian–Peruvian War 1941 Odría Dictatorship 1948–1956 Moderate civil reform 1956–1968 Revolutionary Government 1968–1980 Return to democracy and terrorism 1980–2000 Internal conflict 1980–2000, 2002– Economic crisis 1980s Peruvian political crisis 2016–
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See also Timeline Years in Peru Coups d'état
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The Peruvian Internal Conflict^[27] is an ongoing armed conflict between the Government of Peru and the Maoist guerilla group Shining Path and its remnants. The conflict's main phase began on 17 May 1980 and ended in December 2000.^[28] From 1982 to 1997 the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement waged its own insurgency as a Marxist–Leninist rival to the Shining Path.^[27]

It is estimated that there have been between 50,000 and 70,000 deaths, making it the bloodiest war in Peruvian history, since the European colonization of the country. The high death toll includes many civilian casualties, due to deliberate targeting by many factions. The indigenous peoples of Peru were specifically targeted by killings, with 75% of those killed speaking Quechua as their native language.^[29] Since 2000, the number of deaths has dropped significantly and recently the conflict has become somewhat dormant. The conflict is also characterized by serious violations of human rights.^{[30][31][32][33][34]}

There has been low-level resurgences of violence since 2002 when conflict erupted between the Peruvian Army and guerrilla remnants in the Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro region. The conflict has lasted for over 40 years, making it the second longest internal conflict in the history of Latin America, after the Colombian conflict.

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