Phaeohyphomycosis

Phaeohyphomycosis
SpecialtyInfectious diseases[1]
Symptoms
CausesBreathing in or entry via a cut in the skin of dark filamentous fungi[3]
Diagnostic methodHistology, culture, PCR[4]
Differential diagnosisAspergillosis, chromoblastomycosis, cryptococcosis, mycetoma[3]
TreatmentSurgical debridement/drainage, antifungals[3]
MedicationItraconazole, amphotericin B[3]
FrequencyRare[5]

Phaeohyphomycosis is a diverse group of fungal infections,[6] caused by dematiaceous fungi whose morphologic characteristics in tissue include hyphae, yeast-like cells, or a combination of these.[7] It can be associated with an array of melanistic filamentous fungi including Alternaria species,[8] Exophiala jeanselmei,[9] and Rhinocladiella mackenziei.[10]

The term "phaeohyphomycosis" was introduced to determine infections caused by dematiaceous (pigmented) filamentous fungi which contain melanin in their cell walls.[11] Phaeohyphomycosis is an uncommon infection, but the number of cases reported has been increasing in recent years. Fungal melanin is thought to be a virulence factor. The outcome of antifungal treatment is poor, and mortality is almost 80%.[12] Phaeohyphomycosis has been attributed to more than 100 species and 60 genera of fungi over the past several decades. The pathogens are considered opportunistic. Almost all cases of widely disseminated infection have occurred in immunosuppressed people.[12]

  1. ^ "ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  2. ^ Johnstone, Ronald B. (2017). "25. Mycoses and Algal infections". Weedon's Skin Pathology Essentials (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-7020-6830-0.
  3. ^ a b c d e Milner, Dan A.; Solomon, Isaac (2020). "Phaeohyphomycosis". In Milner, Danny A. (ed.). Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases. Elsevier. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-323-61138-1.
  4. ^ Arcobello, Jonathan T.; Revankar, Sanjay G. (February 2020). "Phaeohyphomycosis". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 41 (1): 131–140. doi:10.1055/s-0039-3400957. ISSN 1098-9048. PMID 32000289. S2CID 210983369.
  5. ^ Chander, Jagdish (2018). "14. Phaeohyphomycosis". Textbook of Medical Mycology (4th ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd. pp. 269–296. ISBN 978-93-86261-83-0.
  6. ^ Naggie S, Perfect JR (June 2009). "Molds: hyalohyphomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, and zygomycosis". Clin. Chest Med. 30 (2): 337–53, vii–viii. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2009.02.009. PMID 19375639.
  7. ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
  8. ^ Boyce RD, Deziel PJ, Otley CC, et al. (December 2009). "Phaeohyphomycosis due to Alternaria species in transplant recipients". Transpl Infect Dis. 12 (3): 242–250. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00482.x. PMID 20002611. S2CID 23751797.
  9. ^ Umemoto N, Demitsu T, Kakurai M, et al. (October 2009). "Two cases of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala jeanselmei: diagnostic significance of direct microscopical examination of the purulent discharge". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 34 (7): e351–3. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03304.x. PMID 19456770. S2CID 40160899.
  10. ^ Taj-Aldeen, Saad J.; Almaslamani, Muna; Alkhalf, Abdullatif; Al Bozom, Issam; Romanelli, Anna M.; Wickes, Brian L.; Fothergill, Annette W.; Sutton, Deanna A. (2010-05-01). "Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis due to Rhinocladiella mackenziei (formerly Ramichloridium mackenziei): a taxonomic update and review of the literature". Medical Mycology. 48 (3): 546–556. doi:10.3109/13693780903383914. ISSN 1369-3786. PMID 19886775.
  11. ^ Ajello L, Georg LK, Steigbigel RT, Wang CJ (1974). "A case of phaeophyphomycosis caused by a new species of Philaphora". Mycologia. 66 (3): 490–498. doi:10.1080/00275514.1974.12019630. PMID 4601425. S2CID 34885774.
  12. ^ a b Revankar SG, Patterson JE, Sutton DA, Pullen R, Rinaldi MG (2002). "Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis: review of an emerging mycosis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 34 (4): 467–476. doi:10.1086/338636. PMID 11797173.