Philopatry

Philopatry is the tendency of an organism to stay in or habitually return to a particular area.[1] The causes of philopatry are numerous, but natal philopatry, where animals return to their birthplace to breed, may be the most common.[2] The term derives from the Greek roots philo, "liking, loving" and patra, "fatherland",[3] although in recent years the term has been applied to more than just the animal's birthplace. Recent usage refers to animals returning to the same area to breed despite not being born there, and migratory species that demonstrate site fidelity: reusing stopovers, staging points, and wintering grounds.[3]

Some of the known reasons for organisms to be philopatric would be for mating (reproduction), survival, migration, parental care, resources, etc.. In most species of animals, individuals will benefit from living in groups,[4] because depending on the species, individuals are more vulnerable to predation and more likely to have difficulty finding resources and food. Therefore, living in groups increases a species' chances of survival, which correlates to finding resources and reproducing. Again, depending on the species, returning to their birthplace where that particular species occupies that territory is the more favorable option. The birthplaces for these animals serve as a territory for them to return for feeding and refuge, like fish from a coral reef.[5] In an animal behavior study conducted by Paul Greenwood, overall female mammals are more likely to be philopatric, while male mammals are more likely to disperse. Male birds are more likely to be philopatric, while females are more likely to disperse. Philopatry will favor the evolution of cooperative traits because the direction of sex has consequences from the particular mating system.[6]

  1. ^ Lawrence, E.; Henderson, I.F. (1995). Henderson's Dictionary of Biological Terms (11th ed.). New York, NY: J. Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 432.
  2. ^ Frederick, Peter C; Ogden, John C (1997). "Philopatry and Nomadism: Contrasting Long-Term Movement Behavior and Population Dynamics of White Ibises and Wood Storks". Colonial Waterbirds. 20 (2): 316–23. doi:10.2307/1521699. JSTOR 1521699.
  3. ^ a b Pearce, John M (2007). "Philopatry: A return to origins". The Auk. 124 (3): 1085–7. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[1085:parto]2.0.co;2.
  4. ^ Kokko, H; López-Sepulcre, Andrés (2006). "From Individual Dispersal to Species Ranges: Perspectives for a Changing World". Science. 313 (5788): 789–91. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..789K. doi:10.1126/science.1128566. PMID 16902127. S2CID 9523058.
  5. ^ Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, 1975[page needed]
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Greenwood was invoked but never defined (see the help page).