Physical health in schizophrenia

People with schizophrenia are at a higher than average risk of physical ill health, and earlier death than the general population.[1][2][3] The fatal conditions include cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic disorders.[4]

Although death by suicide in schizophrenia has received much needed attention, and is the leading cause of death among males, death from cardiovascular disease is more common in females,[5] accounting for up to 75 percent of deaths.[6] The causes of physical health problems include factors associated with mental illness and its treatment, poverty, poor housing, higher rates of smoking, poor diet and lack of exercise.[7][8][9][10]

  1. ^ Elias M (2007-05-03). "Mentally ill die 25 years earlier, on average". Titre : Mentally ill die 25 years earlier, on average. USA Today 5/3/2007.
  2. ^ "Cancer screening across the world is failing people with mental illness". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). 2020-05-19. doi:10.3310/alert_40317. S2CID 243581455.
  3. ^ Solmi, Marco; Firth, Joseph; Miola, Alessandro; Fornaro, Michele; Frison, Elisabetta; Fusar-Poli, Paolo; Dragioti, Elena; Shin, Jae Il; Carvalho, Andrè F; Stubbs, Brendon; Koyanagi, Ai (28 November 2019). "Disparities in cancer screening in people with mental illness across the world versus the general population: prevalence and comparative meta-analysis including 4 717 839 people". The Lancet Psychiatry. 7 (1): 52–63. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30414-6. hdl:11577/3383784. PMID 31787585. S2CID 208535709.
  4. ^ Harris EC, Barraclough B (July 1998). "Excess mortality of mental disorder". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 173: 11–53. doi:10.1192/bjp.173.1.11. PMID 9850203. S2CID 31951494.
  5. ^ Javitt DC (June 2014). "Balancing therapeutic safety and efficacy to improve clinical and economic outcomes in schizophrenia: a clinical overview". The American Journal of Managed Care. 20 (8 Suppl): S160-5. PMID 25180705.
  6. ^ Hennekens CH, Hennekens AR, Hollar D, Casey DE (December 2005). "Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease". American Heart Journal. 150 (6): 1115–21. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.02.007. PMID 16338246.
  7. ^ Phelan M, Stradins L, Morrison S (February 2001). "Physical health of people with severe mental illness". BMJ. 322 (7284): 443–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7284.443. PMC 1119672. PMID 11222406.
  8. ^ Brown S, Birtwistle J, Roe L, Thompson C (May 1999). "The unhealthy lifestyle of people with schizophrenia". Psychological Medicine. 29 (3): 697–701. doi:10.1017/s0033291798008186. PMID 10405091. S2CID 42412030.
  9. ^ McCreadie RG (December 2003). "Diet, smoking and cardiovascular risk in people with schizophrenia: descriptive study". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 183 (6): 534–9. doi:10.1192/bjp.183.6.534. PMID 14645025.
  10. ^ Vancampfort D, Knapen J, Probst M, van Winkel R, Deckx S, Maurissen K, Peuskens J, De Hert M (May 2010). "Considering a frame of reference for physical activity research related to the cardiometabolic risk profile in schizophrenia". Psychiatry Research. 177 (3): 271–9. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.03.011. PMID 20406713. S2CID 207447309.