| Plantar fasciitis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Plantar fasciosis, plantar fasciopathy, jogger's heel, heel spur syndrome[1] |
 | |
| Most common areas of pain in plantar fasciitis | |
| Specialty | Orthopedics, sports medicine, plastic surgery, podiatry |
| Symptoms | Pain in the heel and bottom of the foot[2] |
| Usual onset | Gradual[3] |
| Causes | Unclear[2] |
| Risk factors | Overuse (long periods of standing), obesity, inward rolling of the foot[2][4] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms, ultrasound[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, heel pad syndrome, reactive arthritis[5][6] |
| Treatment | Conservative management[4][7] |
| Frequency | ~4%[2][5] |
Plantar fasciitis or plantar heel pain is a disorder of the plantar fascia, which is the connective tissue that supports the arch of the foot.[2] It results in pain in the heel and bottom of the foot that is usually most severe with the first steps of the day or following a period of rest.[2][4] Pain is also frequently brought on by bending the foot and toes up towards the shin.[3][4] The pain typically comes on gradually, and it affects both feet in about one-third of cases.[2][3]
The cause of plantar fasciitis is not entirely clear.[2] Risk factors include overuse, such as from long periods of standing, an increase in exercise, and obesity.[2][4] It is also associated with inward rolling of the foot, a tight Achilles tendon, and a sedentary lifestyle.[2][4] It is unclear if heel spurs have a role in causing plantar fasciitis even though they are commonly present in people who have the condition.[2] Plantar fasciitis is a disorder of the insertion site of the ligament on the bone characterized by micro tears, breakdown of collagen, and scarring.[2] Since inflammation plays either a lesser or no role, a review proposed it be renamed plantar fasciosis.[2][8] The presentation of the symptoms is generally the basis for diagnosis; with ultrasound sometimes being useful if there is uncertainty.[2] Other conditions with similar symptoms include osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, heel pad syndrome, and reactive arthritis.[5][6]
Most cases of plantar fasciitis resolve with time and conservative methods of treatment.[4][7] For the first few weeks, those affected are usually advised to rest, change their activities, take pain medications, and stretch.[4] If this is not sufficient, physiotherapy, orthotics, splinting, or steroid injections may be options.[4] If these measures are not effective, additional measures may include extracorporeal shockwave therapy or surgery.[4]
Between 4% and 7% of the general population has heel pain at any given time: about 80% of these are due to plantar fasciitis.[2][5] Approximately 10% of people have the disorder at some point during their life.[9] It becomes more common with age.[2] It is unclear if one sex is more affected than the other.[2]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Toronto_2017was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Beeson P (September 2014). "Plantar fasciopathy: revisiting the risk factors" (PDF). Foot and Ankle Surgery. 20 (3): 160–165. doi:10.1016/j.fas.2014.03.003. PMID 25103701.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
Rosenbaum_2014was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Goff JD, Crawford R (September 2011). "Diagnosis and treatment of plantar fasciitis". American Family Physician. 84 (6): 676–682. PMID 21916393.
- ^ a b c d Cutts S, Obi N, Pasapula C, Chan W (November 2012). "Plantar fasciitis". Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 94 (8): 539–542. doi:10.1308/003588412X13171221592456. PMC 3954277. PMID 23131221.
- ^ a b Tu P, Bytomski JR (October 2011). "Diagnosis of heel pain". American Family Physician. 84 (8): 909–916. PMID 22010770.
- ^ a b Tahririan MA, Motififard M, Tahmasebi MN, Siavashi B (August 2012). "Plantar fasciitis". Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 17 (8): 799–804. PMC 3687890. PMID 23798950.
- ^ Lareau CR, Sawyer GA, Wang JH, DiGiovanni CW (June 2014). "Plantar and medial heel pain: diagnosis and management". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 22 (6): 372–380. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-22-06-372. PMID 24860133. S2CID 43241954.
- ^ Zhiyun L, Tao J, Zengwu S (July 2013). "Meta-analysis of high-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy in recalcitrant plantar fasciitis". Swiss Medical Weekly. 143: w13825. doi:10.4414/smw.2013.13825. PMID 23832373.