Polyakov or Poliakov, (Russian: Поляко́в, Ukrainian: Поляко́в, Hebrew: פוליאקוב, Belarusian: Палякоў, Paliakoŭ), or Polyakova, Paliakova (feminine; Поляко́ва) is a Slavic surname. It may be transliterated as Poliakoff. Notable people with the surname include:
- Aleksei Poliakov (born 1974), Russian/Uzbek goalkeeper
- Alexander Polyakov (disambiguation), multiple individuals
- Alla Polyakova (born 1970), Russian politician
- Anatoly Polyakov (born 1980), Russian swimmer
- Andrei Polyakov (1950–2021), Russian diplomat
- Dmitri Polyakov (1921–1988), Soviet General and a spy for the CIA
- Dzyanis Palyakow (born 1991), Belarusian footballer
- Elena Polyakova (born 1981), Russian ultramarathon runner
- Ella Polyakova (born 1941), Russian human rights activist
- Grigory Polyakov (1876–1939), Russian ornithologist
- Igor Polyakov (1912–2008), Soviet rower
- Ivan Alexeyevich Polyakov (1886–1969), Russian Cossack military leader
- Ivan Jaŭcejavič Paliakoŭ (1914–2004), Belarusan politician
- Lazar Polyakov (1843–1914), Russian entrepreneur
- Léon Poliakov (1910–1997), French historian
- Maria Palyakova (born 1974), Ukrainian volleyball player
- Maria Polyakova (born 1997), Russian diver
- Mykola Polyakov (1946–2020), Ukrainian scientist
- Oleg Polyakov (born 1990), Russian footballer
- Samuel Polyakov (1837–1888), Russian businessman
- Sergei Polyakov (born 1968), Russian sport shooter
- Sergey Polyakov (born 1951), Russian-American scientist
- Valeri Polyakov (1942–2022), Russian cosmonaut
- Veronika Polyakova (born 1999), Russian rhythmic gymnast
- Viktor Polyakov (born 1981), Ukrainian boxer
- Vladimir Polyakov (pole vaulter) (born 1960), Soviet/Russian pole vaulter
- Vladislav Polyakov (born 1983), Kazakhstani swimmer
- Yevgeni Viktorovich Polyakov (born 1980), Russian footballer
- Yevgeniya Polyakova (born 1983), Russian sprinter
- Yisrael Poliyakov (1941–2007), Israeli comedian and actor
- Yael Poliakov [he] (born 1977), Israeli actress, comedian, and screenwriter
- Yuriy Polyakov (born 1980), Russian-American scientist
- Polyakov family [ru] (Russian: Поляковы, Hebrew: משפחת פוליאקוב)