John XXIII | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Rome | |
 Official photograph, 1958–1963 | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Papacy began | 28 October 1958 |
| Papacy ended | 3 June 1963 |
| Predecessor | Pius XII |
| Successor | Paul VI |
| Previous post(s) |
|
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 10 August 1904 by Giuseppe Ceppetelli |
| Consecration | 19 March 1925 by Giovanni Tacci Porcelli |
| Created cardinal | 12 January 1953 by Pius XII |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli 25 November 1881 |
| Died | 3 June 1963 (aged 81) Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
| Education | |
| Motto | Oboedientia et Pax (Latin for 'Obedience and Peace') |
| Signature |  |
| Coat of arms |  |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | |
| Venerated in | |
| Beatified | 3 September 2000 Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope John Paul II |
| Canonized | 27 April 2014 Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Francis |
| Attributes |
|
| Patronage | |
| Other popes named John | |
Pope John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII [dʒoˈvanni ventitreˈɛːzimo]; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Italian: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli];[a] 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 1963.
Roncalli was among 13 children born to Marianna Mazzola and Giovanni Battista Roncalli in a family of sharecroppers who lived in Sotto il Monte, a village in the province of Bergamo, Lombardy.[8] He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, as nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice. Roncalli was unexpectedly elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after eleven ballots. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), the first session opening on 11 October 1962, which is now his feast.
John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate. His views on equality were summed up in his statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike."[9][10] He made a major impact on the Catholic Church, opening it up to dramatic unexpected changes promulgated at the Second Vatican Council and by his own dealings with other churches and nations. In Italian politics, he prohibited bishops from interfering with local elections, and he helped the Christian Democracy party to cooperate with the Italian Socialist Party. In international affairs, his Ostpolitik engaged in dialogue with the communist countries of Eastern Europe. He especially reached out to the Eastern Orthodox churches.
His overall goal was to modernize the Church by emphasizing its pastoral role, and its necessary involvement with affairs of state. He dropped the traditional rule of 70 cardinals, increasing the size to 85. He used the opportunity to name the first cardinals from Africa, Japan, and the Philippines. He promoted ecumenical movements in cooperation with other Christian faiths. In doctrinal matters, he was a traditionalist, but he ended the practice of automatically formulating social and political policies on the basis of old theological propositions.[11]
He did not live to see the Second Vatican Council to completion. In September 1962, he was diagnosed with stomach cancer and died eight months later on June 3, 1963. His cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God. He was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 2000. On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, based on his virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good which had come from his opening of the Second Vatican Council. He was canonized alongside Pope John Paul II himself on 27 April 2014.[12][13] John XXIII today is affectionately known as "the Good Pope" (Italian: il papa buono).
- ^ Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4.
- ^ Lutheran Book of Worship. Augsburg Fortress, Publishers. 26 March 1978. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8006-3360-8. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Patrons of Papal Delegates", Saints, SQPN
- ^ "St. John XXIII, patron saint of Christian unity?". Vatican Insider. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ "On October 12, in memory of St. John XXIII dedication of the church hospital". Diocese of Bergamo. 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
- ^ "Saint John XXIII for the first time becomes the patron". Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ Marco Roncalli (6 September 2017). "San Giovanni XXIII sarà patrono dell'Esercito". La Stampa. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ^ "Pope John XXIII". IT: Vatican. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
- ^ Canonisation of Blessed John Paul II and Blessed John XXIII, The National Catholic Church of the United Kingdom and Ireland, 4 July 2013, archived from the original on 7 April 2014
- ^ Gormley, Beatrice (2017). Pope Francis : the people's pope. New York: Aladdin. ISBN 978-1481481410. OCLC 973067191.
- ^ David Wilsford. ed., Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 203–207.
- ^ Popes John Paul II, John XXIII to be declared saints in April, Fox News, 30 September 2013
- ^ Antonimuthu, Rajamanickam (27 April 2014). "Pope Francis declares Popes John Paul II and John XXIII Saints" (YouTube). YouTube. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
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