Potassium

Potassium, ₁₉K

Potassium pearls (in paraffin oil, ~5 mm each)
Potassium
Appearance	silvery white, faint bluish-purple hue when exposed to air
Standard atomic weight Ar°(K)
	39.0983±0.0001[1] 39.098±0.001 (abridged)[2]
Potassium in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Na ↑ K ↓ Rb argon ← potassium → calcium
Atomic number (Z)	19
Group	group 1: hydrogen and alkali metals
Period	period 4
Block	s-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 8, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	336.7 K ​(63.5 °C, ​146.3 °F)
Boiling point	1030.793 K ​(757.643 °C, ​1395.757 °F)[3]
Density (at 20° C)	0.8590 g/cm3 [4]
when liquid (at m.p.)	0.82948 g/cm3[3]
Critical point	2223 K, 16 MPa[5]
Heat of fusion	2.33 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	76.9 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	29.6 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	common: +1 −1[6]
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 0.82
Ionization energies	1st: 418.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 3052 kJ/mol 3rd: 4420 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 227 pm
Covalent radius	203±12 pm
Van der Waals radius	275 pm
Spectral lines of potassium
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​body-centered cubic (bcc) (cI2)
Lattice constant	a = 532.69 pm (at 20 °C)[4]
Thermal expansion	77.37×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[4]
Thermal conductivity	102.5 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	72 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic[7]
Molar magnetic susceptibility	+20.8×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[8]
Young's modulus	3.53 GPa
Shear modulus	1.3 GPa
Bulk modulus	3.1 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	2000 m/s (at 20 °C)
Mohs hardness	0.4
Brinell hardness	0.363 MPa
CAS Number	7440-09-7
History
Discovery and first isolation	Humphry Davy (1807)
Symbol	"K": from New Latin kalium
Isotopes of potassium v e
Main isotopes Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 39K 93.3% stable 40K 0.0120% 1.248×109 y β− 40Ca ε 40Ar β+ 40Ar 41K 6.73% stable
Category: Potassium view talk edit | references

Potassium is a chemical element; it has symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19. It is a silvery white metal that is soft enough to easily cut with a knife.^[9] Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmospheric oxygen to form flaky white potassium peroxide in only seconds of exposure. It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. In the periodic table, potassium is one of the alkali metals, all of which have a single valence electron in the outer electron shell, which is easily removed to create an ion with a positive charge (which combines with anions to form salts). In nature, potassium occurs only in ionic salts. Elemental potassium reacts vigorously with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite hydrogen emitted in the reaction, and burning with a lilac-colored flame. It is found dissolved in seawater (which is 0.04% potassium by weight),^[10][11] and occurs in many minerals such as orthoclase, a common constituent of granites and other igneous rocks.^[12]

Potassium is chemically very similar to sodium, the previous element in group 1 of the periodic table. They have a similar first ionization energy, which allows for each atom to give up its sole outer electron. It was first suggested in 1702 that they were distinct elements that combine with the same anions to make similar salts,^[13] which was demonstrated in 1807 when elemental potassium was first isolated via electrolysis. Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which ⁴⁰
K is radioactive. Traces of ⁴⁰
K are found in all potassium, and it is the most common radioisotope in the human body.

Potassium ions are vital for the functioning of all living cells. The transfer of potassium ions across nerve cell membranes is necessary for normal nerve transmission; potassium deficiency and excess can each result in numerous signs and symptoms, including an abnormal heart rhythm and various electrocardiographic abnormalities. Fresh fruits and vegetables are good dietary sources of potassium. The body responds to the influx of dietary potassium, which raises serum potassium levels, by shifting potassium from outside to inside cells and increasing potassium excretion by the kidneys.

Most industrial applications of potassium exploit the high solubility of its compounds in water, such as saltwater soap. Heavy crop production rapidly depletes the soil of potassium, and this can be remedied with agricultural fertilizers containing potassium, accounting for 95% of global potassium chemical production.^[14]