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In fluid mechanics, potential vorticity (PV) is a quantity which is proportional to the dot product of vorticity and stratification. This quantity, following a parcel of air or water, can only be changed by diabatic or frictional processes. It is a useful concept for understanding the generation of vorticity in cyclogenesis (the birth and development of a cyclone), especially along the polar front, and in analyzing flow in the ocean.
Potential vorticity (PV) is seen as one of the important theoretical successes of modern meteorology. It is a simplified approach for understanding fluid motions in a rotating system such as the Earth's atmosphere and ocean. Its development traces back to the circulation theorem by Bjerknes in 1898,[1] which is a specialized form of Kelvin's circulation theorem. Starting from Hoskins et al., 1985,[2] PV has been more commonly used in operational weather diagnosis such as tracing dynamics of air parcels and inverting for the full flow field. Even after detailed numerical weather forecasts on finer scales were made possible by increases in computational power, the PV view is still used in academia and routine weather forecasts, shedding light on the synoptic scale features for forecasters and researchers.[3]
Baroclinic instability requires the presence of a potential vorticity gradient along which waves amplify during cyclogenesis.
- ^ Thorpe, A. J.; Volkert, H.; Ziemianski, M. J. (2003). "The Bjerknes' Circulation Theorem: A Historical Perspective" (PDF). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 84 (4): 471–480. Bibcode:2003BAMS...84..471T. doi:10.1175/BAMS-84-4-471.
- ^ Hoskins, B. J.; McIntyre, M. E.; Robertson, A. W. (1985). "On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps". Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 111 (470): 877–946. Bibcode:1985QJRMS.111..877H. doi:10.1002/qj.49711147002.
- ^ Nielsen-Gammon, J. W.; Gold, D. A. (2006). "Dynamical Diagnosis: A Comparison of Quasigeostrophy and Ertel Potential Vorticity". Meteorol. Monogr. 55 (55): 183–202. Bibcode:2008MetMo..33..183N. doi:10.1175/0065-9401-33.55.183.