Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), (CD279 cluster of differentiation 279). PD-1 is a protein encoded in humans by the PDCD1 gene.[5][6] PD-1 is a cell surface receptor on T cells and B cells that has a role in regulating the immune system's response to the cells of the human body by down-regulating the immune system and promoting self-tolerance by suppressing T cell inflammatory activity. This prevents autoimmune diseases, but it can also prevent the immune system from killing cancer cells.[7]
PD-1 is an immune checkpoint and guards against autoimmunity through two mechanisms. First, it promotes apoptosis (programmed cell death) of antigen-specific T-cells in lymph nodes. Second, it reduces apoptosis in regulatory T cells (anti-inflammatory, suppressive T cells).[8][9]
PD-1 inhibitors, a new class of drugs that block PD-1, activate the immune system to attack tumors and are used to treat certain types of cancer.[7][10]
PD-1 is a cell surface receptor that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on T cells and pro-B cells.[6] PD-1 binds two ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2.
- ^ a b c ENSG00000276977 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000188389, ENSG00000276977 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026285 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Shinohara T, Taniwaki M, Ishida Y, Kawaichi M, Honjo T (October 1994). "Structure and chromosomal localization of the human PD-1 gene (PDCD1)". Genomics. 23 (3): 704–6. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1562. PMID 7851902.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: PDCD1 programmed cell death 1".
- ^ a b Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, Soo RA (December 2017). "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting". The Lancet. Oncology. 18 (12): e731–e741. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1. PMID 29208439.
- ^ Francisco LM, Sage PT, Sharpe AH (July 2010). "The PD-1 pathway in tolerance and autoimmunity". Immunological Reviews. 236: 219–42. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00923.x. PMC 2919275. PMID 20636820.
- ^ Fife BT, Pauken KE (January 2011). "The role of the PD-1 pathway in autoimmunity and peripheral tolerance". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1217 (1): 45–59. Bibcode:2011NYASA1217...45F. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05919.x. PMID 21276005. S2CID 23843848.
- ^ Loftus P (16 Nov 2014). "New Bristol-Myers Drug Helped Skin-Cancer Patients in Trial Live Longer". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 Nov 2014.