On December 18, 2023, Japanese steelmaker Nippon Steel Corporation (NSC), the world's third largest steel producer,[1] entered a definitive agreement to purchase United States Steel Corporation (U.S. Steel) for $14.9 billion.[2] Under the terms of the deal, U.S. Steel would become a wholly owned subsidiary of NSC but retain its name and headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; the Japanese steelmaker also pledged to honor existing agreements with the United Steelworkers (USW) trade union.[3] The purchase would result in Nippon Steel becoming the second largest steel manufacturer in the world.[4]
The potential foreign ownership of U.S. Steel, which is widely considered an icon of American industry,[5][6] has generated controversy in the U.S.[7] The White House,[8] lawmakers from both major parties,[9][10] and the USW have criticized or opposed the deal due to concerns about its impact on workers, supply chains, and national security.[11] Conversely, the transaction has garnered support from various government officials, policy experts, and business analysts, who argue that it will help revitalize U.S. Steel and the country's declining steel industry and counter that Japan is a major economic partner and investor.[12][13][14]
On March 14, 2024, the Biden Administration announced its opposition to the planned acquisition,[15] echoing a statement by former U.S. President Donald Trump, who pledged to block the deal "instantaneously" if elected president in the upcoming 2024 presidential elections.[16] The deal is undergoing an antitrust review by the U.S. Department of Justice,[17] and a possible investigation by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CIFUS).[18] Nippon Steel has subsequently delayed its timeline for closing the deal from the middle of 2024 towards the end of the year.[19] In September 2024, it was revealed that the Biden Administration was preparing to block Nippon's proposed acquisition of U.S. Steel.[20]