Protein kinase R

EIF2AK2
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	3UIU, 1QU6, 2A19, 2A1A
Identifiers
Aliases	EIF2AK2, PKR, PPP1R83, PRKR, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2, LEUDEN, DYT33
External IDs	OMIM: 176871; MGI: 1353449; HomoloGene: 48134; GeneCards: EIF2AK2; OMA:EIF2AK2 - orthologs
EC number	2.7.10.2
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (human)
End	37,157,522 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 17 (mouse)
End	79,190,002 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	buccal mucosa cell; ; Epithelium of choroid plexus; ; Achilles tendon; ; endothelial cell; ; parietal pleura; ; trigeminal ganglion; ; entorhinal cortex; ; postcentral gyrus; ; visceral pleura; ; tail of epididymis;
	Top expressed in
	granulocyte; ; medullary collecting duct; ; stroma of bone marrow; ; duodenum; ; tail of embryo; ; lumbar spinal ganglion; ; uterus; ; left colon; ; fetal liver hematopoietic progenitor cell; ; ileum;
	More reference expression data
	; ;
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	transferase activity; protein kinase activity; nucleotide binding; non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine kinase activity; kinase activity; protein serine/threonine kinase activity; protein binding; double-stranded RNA binding; protein tyrosine kinase activity; ATP binding; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha kinase activity; protein phosphatase regulator activity; RNA binding; identical protein binding;
Cellular component	cytoplasm; ribosome; membrane; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; nucleus; cytosol; cytosolic ribosome;
Biological process	negative regulation of translation; regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation; regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; protein biosynthesis; positive regulation of cytokine production; immune system process; phosphorylation; cellular response to amino acid starvation; negative regulation of apoptotic process; positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling; transcription, DNA-templated; endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response; protein phosphorylation; negative regulation of viral genome replication; regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation; regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation; positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; defense response to virus; response to interferon-alpha; positive regulation of chemokine production; negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation; protein autophosphorylation; regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assembly; peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation; innate immune response; viral process; response to toxic substance; positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade; response to virus; regulation of translational initiation by eIF2 alpha phosphorylation; regulation of apoptotic process; negative regulation of cell population proliferation; regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	5610
	19106
	ENSG00000055332
	ENSMUSG00000024079
	P19525
	Q03963
	NM_001135651; NM_001135652; NM_002759
	NM_011163
	NP_001129123; NP_001129124; NP_002750
	NP_035293
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Protein kinase RNA-activated also known as protein kinase R (PKR), interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, or eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK2 gene on chromosome 2.^[5]^[6] PKR is a serine/tyrosine kinase that is 551 amino acids long.^[7]

PKR is inducible by various mechanisms of stress and protects against viral infections.^[8] It also has a role in several signaling pathways.^[9]^[10]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000055332 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024079 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Entrez Gene: EIF2AK2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2".
^ Feng GS, Chong K, Kumar A, Williams BR (June 1992). "Identification of double-stranded RNA-binding domains in the interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-activated p68 kinase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 (12): 5447–5451. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.5447F. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5447. PMC 49309. PMID 1351683.
^ Gupta P, Taiyab A, Hassan MI (January 2021). Donev R (ed.). "Emerging role of protein kinases in diabetes mellitus: From mechanism to therapy". Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. Protein Kinases in Drug Discovery. 124. Academic Press: 47–85. doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.11.001. ISBN 9780323853132. PMID 33632470. S2CID 229608384.
^ Bou-Nader C, Gordon JM, Henderson FE, Zhang J (May 2019). "The search for a PKR code-differential regulation of protein kinase R activity by diverse RNA and protein regulators". RNA. 25 (5): 539–556. doi:10.1261/rna.070169.118. PMC 6467004. PMID 30770398.
^ Matz KM, Guzman RM, Goodman AG (2019-01-01). Vanpouille-Box C, Galluzzi L (eds.). "The Role of Nucleic Acid Sensing in Controlling Microbial and Autoimmune Disorders". International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology. Nucleic Acid Sensing and Immunity - Part B. 345. Academic Press: 35–136. doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.002. ISBN 9780128159811. PMC 6445394. PMID 30904196.
^ Lee YS, Kunkeaw N, Lee YS (March 2020). "Protein kinase R and its cellular regulators in cancer: An active player or a surveillant?". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA. 11 (2): e1558. doi:10.1002/wrna.1558. PMID 31231984. S2CID 195327674.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000055332 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024079 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[entrez-5] "Entrez Gene: EIF2AK2 eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2".

[pmid1351683-6] Feng GS, Chong K, Kumar A, Williams BR (June 1992). "Identification of double-stranded RNA-binding domains in the interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-activated p68 kinase". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89 (12): 5447–5451. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.5447F. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5447. PMC 49309. PMID 1351683.

[7] Gupta P, Taiyab A, Hassan MI (January 2021). Donev R (ed.). "Emerging role of protein kinases in diabetes mellitus: From mechanism to therapy". Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology. Protein Kinases in Drug Discovery. 124. Academic Press: 47–85. doi:10.1016/bs.apcsb.2020.11.001. ISBN 9780323853132. PMID 33632470. S2CID 229608384.

[8] Bou-Nader C, Gordon JM, Henderson FE, Zhang J (May 2019). "The search for a PKR code-differential regulation of protein kinase R activity by diverse RNA and protein regulators". RNA. 25 (5): 539–556. doi:10.1261/rna.070169.118. PMC 6467004. PMID 30770398.

[:0-9] Matz KM, Guzman RM, Goodman AG (2019-01-01). Vanpouille-Box C, Galluzzi L (eds.). "The Role of Nucleic Acid Sensing in Controlling Microbial and Autoimmune Disorders". International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology. Nucleic Acid Sensing and Immunity - Part B. 345. Academic Press: 35–136. doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.08.002. ISBN 9780128159811. PMC 6445394. PMID 30904196.

[:1-10] Lee YS, Kunkeaw N, Lee YS (March 2020). "Protein kinase R and its cellular regulators in cancer: An active player or a surveillant?". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA. 11 (2): e1558. doi:10.1002/wrna.1558. PMID 31231984. S2CID 195327674.

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