Pseudoraphis spinescens

Pseudoraphis spinescens
Pseudoraphis spinescens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Genus: Pseudoraphis
Species:
P. spinescens
Binomial name
Pseudoraphis spinescens
Synonyms

Panicum spinescens R.Br.

Pseudoraphis spinescens, called spiny mudgrass or Moira grass is a rhizomatous and stoloniferous aquatic or semi-aquatic perennial grass, with ascending stems forming loose, floating mats in water to 1 m deep or more, or with stems to 50 cm high when not submerged.[1] Moira grass (Pseudoraphis spinescens) was first described in 1810 by Robert Brown as Panicum spinescens,[2] and subsequently transferred to Pseudoraphis by Joyce W. Vickery in 1950.[3]

Pseudoraphis spinescens is native to floodplains in Asia and Australasia,[4] it is a C4 species, requiring seasonal cycles of prolonged, deep flooding interspersed with drying to achieve maximum growth and reproduction.[4][5][6] Between flood events, P. spinescens forms a deep thatch of collapsed dry stems until flooding recurs and growth recommences.[4][6] A study in southeastern Australia found that P. spinescens does not have a viable long-lived seed bank in floodplain soil,[7] presumably regenerating from vegetative propagules and rootstocks.[8]

In the Murray-Darling Basin, prior to regulation of the Murray River, extensive Pseudoraphis spinescens dominated floodplain marshes existed in areas that were typically seasonally flooded for 5–9 months duration in most years, to a minimum water depth of 0.5 m, and completely dry during late summer and autumn.[5][9]

Pseudoraphis spinescens is an important species in floodplain marsh ecosystems, providing habitat and food for a range of fauna including birds,[10] frogs,[11][6] fish and insects,[12] and key ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling and primary productivity.[6]

  1. ^ Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. "Flora of Victoria: Pseudoraphis spinescens". Flora of Victoria.
  2. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van-Diemen, exhibens characteres plantarum. Vol. 1. Londini: Typis R Taylor, veneunt apud J. Johnson.
  3. ^ Vickery, Joyce W. (1950). "Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) n. comb., and some records of New South Wales grasses". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. 62 (7): 69–72.
  4. ^ a b c Roberts, Jane; Marston, Frances (2011), Water regime for wetland and floodplain plants: a source book for the Murray-Darling Basin (PDF), National Water Commission
  5. ^ a b MDBC (2006), The Barmah-Millewa Forest Icon Site Environmental Management Plan 2006-2007. MDBC Publication No. 30/06 (PDF), Murray-Darling Basin Commission
  6. ^ a b c d Colloff, Matthew J.; Ward, Keith A.; Roberts, Jane (2014). "Ecology and conservation of grassy wetlands dominated by spiny mud grass Pseudoraphis spinescens in the southern Murray-Darling Basin, Australia". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 24 (2): 238–255. doi:10.1002/aqc.2390.
  7. ^ Durant, Rebecca A.; Nielsen, Daryl L.; Ward, Keith A. (2016). "Evaluation of Pseudoraphis spinescens (Poaceae) seed bank from Barmah Forest floodplain". Australian Journal of Botany. 64 (8): 669. doi:10.1071/bt15288.
  8. ^ Ward, Keith A. (1991), Investigation of the flood requirements of the Moira grass plains in Barmah Forest, Victoria, Department of Conservation and Environment, Victoria
  9. ^ Bren, L. J.; Gibbs, N. L. (1986). "Relationships between flood frequency, vegetation and topography in a river red gum forest". Australian Forest Research. 16: 357–370.
  10. ^ Leslie, David J. (2001). "Effect of river management on colonially-nesting waterbirds in the Barmah-Millewa forest, south-eastern Australia". Regulated Rivers: Research & Management. 17 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1002/1099-1646(200101/02)17:1<21::AID-RRR589>3.0.CO;2-V.
  11. ^ McGinness, Heather M.; Arthur, Anthony D.; Ward, Keith A.; Ward, Paula A. (2014). "Floodplain amphibian abundance: responses to flooding and habitat type in Barmah Forest, Murray River, Australia". Wildlife Research. 41 (2): 149. doi:10.1071/WR13224. S2CID 83640154.
  12. ^ Barton, Philip S.; Colloff, Matthew J.; Pullen, Kimberi R.; Cunningham, Saul A. (2013). "Grassland area determines beetle assemblage dissimilarity from surrounding floodplain forest". Journal of Insect Conservation. 17 (6): 1209–1219. doi:10.1007/s10841-013-9602-8. S2CID 17953069.