Pyraloidea

Pyraloidea
European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Clade: Obtectomera
Superfamily: Pyraloidea
Families
Diversity[1]
about 2,100 genera,
roughly 16,000 described species
Udea rubigalis

The Pyraloidea (pyraloid moths or snout moths) are a moth superfamily containing about 16,000 described species worldwide, and probably at least as many more remain to be described.[2] They are generally fairly small moths, and as such, they have been traditionally associated with the paraphyletic Microlepidoptera.

This superfamily used to contain the Hyblaeidae, Thyrididae, Alucitidae (plus Tineodidae), Pterophoridae, and Pyralidae. The first four families are now each split off as a distinct superfamily.

Nowadays, Pyralidae are usually split into the Pyralidae sensu stricto and the Crambidae, as both groups have been shown to be monophyletic and a sister group.[3][4]

Some genera (e.g. Micronix and Tanaobela) still defy easy classification and have been variously assigned to the Crambidae or the Pyralidae.

Among all Lepidoptera, pyraloids show the most diverse life history adaptations. The larvae of most species feed on living plants either internally or externally as leaf rollers, leaf webbers leaf miners, borers, root feeders, and seed feeders. Some species live parasitically in ant nests (Wurthiini), prey on scale insects (certain Phycitinae), or live in the nests of bees (Galleriinae). The larvae of the Acentropinae are adapted to life under water, and certain Phycitinae and Pyralinae are adapted to very dry environments and their larvae feed on stored food products. Others feed on animal detritus such as carrion and feces.

With such a variety of living habits, pyraloids are used in biodiversity studies.[5] Some species are of economic importance, e.g.:

  1. ^ Nuss, Matthias; Landry, Bernard; Mally, Richard; Vegliante, Francesca; Tränkner, Andreas; Bauer, Franziska; Hayden, James; Segerer, Andreas; Schouten, Rob; Li, Houhun; Trofimova, Tatiana; Solis, M. Alma; De Prins, Jurate; Speidel, Wolfgang (2003–2020). "Global Information System on Pyraloidea (GlobIZ)". www.pyraloidea.org. Retrieved 2020-02-21.
  2. ^ Munroe, Eugene G.; Solis, Maria Alma (1998). "The Pyraloidea". In Kristensen, Niels Peder (ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, systematics, and biogeography. Handbook of Zoology. Insecta, Part, Volume IV Arthropoda 35. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 233–256.
  3. ^ Minet, Joël (1982). "Les Pyraloidea et leurs principales divisions systématiques" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (in French). 86 (9–10): 262–280. doi:10.3406/bsef.1981.17984. S2CID 89963910.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ Regier, Jerome C.; Mitter, Charles; Solis, M. Alma; Hayden, James E.; Landry, Bernard; Nuss, Matthias; Simonsen, Thomas J.; Yen, Shen-Horn; Zwick, Andreas; Cummings, Michael P. (2012). "A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification". Systematic Entomology. 37 (4): 635–656. Bibcode:2012SysEn..37..635R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00641.x. S2CID 86208636.
  5. ^ Schulze, Christian H; Fiedler, Konrad (2003). "Vertical and temporal diversity of a species rich moth taxon in Borneo". In Basset, Yves; Novotny, Vojtech; Miller, Scott E.; Kitching, R. L. (eds.). Arthropods of tropical forests. Spatio-temporal resource use in the canopy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–88. ISBN 9780521820004.