Pyruvate carboxylase

Pyruvate carboxylase
Crystallographic structure of pyruvate carboxylase from Rhizobium etli: biotin carboxylase domain (blue); allosteric linking domain (green); biotin binding domain (red); and carboxyl transferase domain (orange)[1]
Identifiers
EC no.6.4.1.1
CAS no.9014-19-1
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO
Search
PMCarticles
PubMedarticles
NCBIproteins
Pyruvate carboxyltransferase
Identifiers
SymbolPYR_CT
PfamPF00682
InterProIPR000891
PROSITEPDOC50991
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary
Pyruvate carboxylase
Identifiers
SymbolPC
NCBI gene5091
HGNC8636
OMIM608786
RefSeqNM_000920
UniProtP11498
Other data
EC number6.4.1.1
LocusChr. 11 q11-q13.1
Search for
StructuresSwiss-model
DomainsInterPro
PC
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesPC, pyruvate carboxylase, PCB
External IDsOMIM: 608786; MGI: 97520; HomoloGene: 5422; GeneCards: PC; OMA:PC - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez
Ensembl
UniProt
RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_000920
NM_001040716
NM_022172

NM_001162946
NM_008797

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000911
NP_001035806
NP_071504

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 11: 66.85 – 66.96 MbChr 19: 4.56 – 4.67 Mb
PubMed search[4][5]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) encoded by the gene PC is an enzyme (EC 6.4.1.1) of the ligase class that catalyzes (depending on the species) the physiologically irreversible[citation needed] carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate (OAA).

The reaction it catalyzes is:

pyruvate + HCO
3
+ ATP → oxaloacetate + ADP + P

It is an important anaplerotic reaction that creates oxaloacetate from pyruvate. PC contains a biotin prosthetic group[1] and is typically localized to the mitochondria in eukaryotes with exceptions to some fungal species such as Aspergillus nidulans which have a cytosolic PC. PC requires magnesium and zinc or manganese for catalysis. PC from different organisms exhibit varying degrees of activation by acetyl-CoA, but vertebrate PC typically requires it for activity.[6][7][8][9]

Pyruvate carboxylase was first discovered in 1959 at Case Western Reserve University by M. F. Utter and D. B. Keech.[10][11] Since then it has been found in a wide variety of prokaryotes and eukaryotes including fungi, bacteria, plants, and animals.[12] In mammals, PC plays a crucial role in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters, and in glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. Oxaloacetate produced by PC is an important intermediate, which is used in these biosynthetic pathways.[13] In mammals, PC is expressed in a tissue-specific manner, with its activity found to be highest in the liver and kidney (gluconeogenic tissues), in adipose tissue and lactating mammary gland (lipogenic tissues), and in pancreatic islets. Activity is moderate in brain, heart and adrenal gland, and least in white blood cells and skin fibroblasts.[14]

  1. ^ a b PDB: 2QF7​; Jitrapakdee S, St Maurice M, Rayment I, Cleland WW, Wallace JC, Attwood PV (August 2008). "Structure, mechanism and regulation of pyruvate carboxylase". Biochem. J. 413 (3): 369–87. doi:10.1042/BJ20080709. PMC 2859305. PMID 18613815.
  2. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000173599Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024892Ensembl, May 2017
  4. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  6. ^ Ashman, Leonie K.; Keech, D. Bruce; Wallace, John C.; Nielsen, Jan (1972). "Sheep Kidney Pyruvate Carboxylase". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 247 (18): 5818–5824. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)44831-X.
  7. ^ Chai, Peiwei; Lan, Pengfei; Li, Shaobai; Yao, Deqiang; Chang, Chenchen; Cao, Mi; Shen, Yafeng; Ge, Shengfang; Wu, Jian; Lei, Ming; Fan, Xianqun (2022). "Mechanistic insight into allosteric activation of human pyruvate carboxylase by acetyl-CoA". Molecular Cell. 82 (21): 4116–4130.e6. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2022.09.033. PMID 36283412.
  8. ^ Mahan, D E; Mushahwar, I K; Koeppe, R E (1975). "Purification and properties of rat brain pyruvate carboxylase". Biochemical Journal. 145 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1042/bj1450025. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1165183. PMID 1238083.
  9. ^ Jitrapakdee, Sarawut; Nezic, Mark G; Ian Cassady, A; Khew-Goodall, Yeesim; Wallace, John C (2002-07-12). "Molecular cloning and domain structure of chicken pyruvate carboxylase". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 295 (2): 387–393. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00651-4. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 12150961.
  10. ^ Utter MF, Keech DB (May 1960). "Formation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate and carbon dioxide". J. Biol. Chem. 235: PC17–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69442-6. PMID 13840551.
  11. ^ Cohen ND, Beegen H, Utter MF, Wrigley NG (March 1979). "A re-examination of the electron microscopic appearance of pyruvate carboxylase from chicken liver". J. Biol. Chem. 254 (5): 1740–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37835-3. PMID 762171.
  12. ^ Jitrapakdee S, Vidal-Puig A, Wallace JC (April 2006). "Anaplerotic roles of pyruvate carboxylase in mammalian tissues". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63 (7–8): 843–54. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5410-y. PMC 11136034. PMID 16505973. S2CID 850667.
  13. ^ Jitrapakdee S, Nezic MG, Cassady AI, Khew-Goodall Y, Wallace JC (July 2002). "Molecular cloning and domain structure of chicken pyruvate carboxylase". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 295 (2): 387–93. doi:10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00651-4. PMID 12150961.
  14. ^ Jitrapakdee S, Walker ME, Wallace JC (June 1996). "Identification of novel alternatively spliced pyruvate carboxylase mRNAs with divergent 5'-untranslated regions which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 223 (3): 695–700. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.0958. PMID 8687459.