Qingli Reforms

The Qingli Reforms or Qingli New Policies(simplified Chinese: 庆历新政; traditional Chinese: 慶曆新政; pinyin: Qìnglì xīnzhèng), took place in China’s Northern Song dynasty under the leadership of Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, Fu Bi, and Ouyang Xiu. [1][2][3] Taking place from 1043 to 1045 during the Qingli era (1041–1048) under Emperor Renzong of Song, it was a short-lived attempt to introduce reforms into the traditional way of conducting governmental affairs in China. Although it ended in defeat due to resistance of the opponents and the power struggle between the emperor and the emerging literati officials, it served as an inspiration and a precursor to a grander effort three decades later led by Wang Anshi.

  1. ^ Xu, Lili (2017-03-23). "一代人的理想与失落—庆历新政后"范仲淹集团"的政治走向（1044-1067）" [Ideals and Losses of a Generation: The Political Direction of the "Fan Zhongyan Group" after the Qingli New Deal (1044–1067)]. CNKI.
  2. ^ Asaf Goldschmidt (8 October 2008). The Evolution of Chinese Medicine: Song Dynasty, 960–1200. Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-134-09181-2.
  3. ^ Wang, Fang (22 April 2016). Geo-Architecture and Landscape in China's Geographic and Historic Context: Volume 1 Geo-Architecture Wandering in the Landscape. Springer. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-981-10-0483-4.